Context: Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is classified clinically into a transient form (TNDM), in which insulin secretion recovers within several months, and a permanent form (PNDM), requiring lifelong medication. However, these conditions are genetically heterogeneous.

Objective: Evaluate the contribution of the responsible gene and delineate their clinical characteristics.

Patients and methods: The chromosome 6q24 abnormality, KCNJ11and ABCC8 mutations were analyzed in 31 Japanese patients (16 with TNDM and 15 with PNDM). Moreover, FOXP3 and IPF1 mutations were analyzed in a patient with IPEX syndrome and with pancreatic agenesis, respectively.

Results: Molecular basis for NDM was found in 23 patients; 6q24 in eleven, KCNJ11 in nine, ABCC8 in two and FOXP3 in one. All the patients with the 6q24 abnormality and two patients with the KCNJ11 mutation proved to be TNDM. Five mutations were novel; two (p.A174G and p.C166Y) in KCNJ11, two (p.A90V and p.N1122D) in ABCC8, and one (p.P367L) in FOXP3. Compared in the 6q24 abnormality and KCNJ11 mutation, there were some significant clinical differences: the earlier onset of diabetes, the lower frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at onset and the higher proportion of the patients with macroglossia at initial presentation in the patients with 6q24 abnormality. In contrast, two patients with the KCNJ11 mutations manifested epilepsy and developmental delay.

Conclusions: Both the 6q24 abnormality and KCNJ11 mutation are major causes of NDM in Japanese patients. Clinical differences between them could provide important insight into the decision of which gene to analyze in affected patients first.