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Submitted on October 10, 2006
Accepted on January 22, 2007
Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mittendb{at}wustl.edu.
Context: Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The concentrations of VLDL particles and VLDL-triglyceride (TG) in plasma are lower in women than men, but the mechanisms responsible for these differences are unclear.
Objective: To investigate the effects of sex on VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apo-B-100) metabolism.
Experimental design and main outcome measures: We measured basal VLDL-TG and VLDL- apoB-100 kinetics by using stable isotope labeled tracers.
Setting/Participants: Twenty-six healthy, lean subjects (13 men, age: 29±5 yr; 13 women, age: 28±6 yr) were studied in the General Clinical Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine.
Results: VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 concentrations were less in women than in men (P<0.05). The secretion rate of VLDL-TG was 
70% greater (P<0.05) whereas the secretion rate of VLDL-apoB-100 (i.e., VLDL particles) was 20% less (P<0.05) in women than in men. The molar ratio of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 secretion rates was therefore more than double (P<0.05) in women than in men. VLDL-TG plasma clearance rate was 70% greater in women than men (P<0.05) whereas VLDL-apoB-100 plasma clearance rate was not different between sexes. However, VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 mean residence times in plasma were both shorter (by 45% and 25%, respectively; P<0.05) in women than in men.
Conclusions: Increased VLDL-TG plasma clearance is responsible for decreased VLDL-TG concentration whereas decreased VLDL-apoB-100 secretion rate, combined with shorter VLDL-apoB-100 residence time in plasma, is responsible for lower VLDL-apoB-100 concentration in women than men. The greater molar ratio of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 secretion rates suggests that the liver in women secretes fewer but TG-richer VLDL particles than the liver in men.
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