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Submitted on November 28, 2005
Accepted on March 15, 2006
Junior Research Group N03, IZKF Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, University of Leipzig-Heart Centre, Germany; Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cmantzor{at}bidmc.harvard.edu.
Context: Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, is associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
Objective: The physiological regulation of circulating adiponectin levels and mRNA expression of its receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in skeletal muscle remains to be fully elucidated.
Design/Patients: We assessed circulating adiponectin and AdipoR1/R2 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle in a cross-sectional study of 140 subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. In the context of an interventional study, the same measurements were performed in 60 of these subjects (20 per glucose tolerance group) before and after 4 weeks of physical training. Finally, we measured these same variables in addition to protein levels of AMPK, pAMPK, ACC, pACC and PI3K in muscle, before and after 3 h of intensive exercise, in a subgroup of 5 subjects.
Setting: Academic Clinical Research Center
Results: Circulating adiponectin was negatively, whereas AdipoR1/R2 mRNA levels were positively associated with obesity, glucose and lipid levels, and insulin resistance. Physical training for 4 weeks resulted in increased circulating adiponectin levels and AdipoR1/R2 mRNA expression in muscle. Exercise for 3 h increased AdipoR1/R2 mRNA expression as well as phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in muscle, but had no effect on circulating adiponectin.
Conclusions: Adiponectin, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 are all associated with body composition, insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters. Physical training increases circulating adiponectin and mRNA expression of its receptors in muscle, which may mediate the improvement of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in response to exercise.
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