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Submitted on August 16, 2005
Accepted on January 13, 2006
CSIRO, Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.; Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Primary Industries, Primary Industries Research Victoria, Werribee Victoria
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jane.bowen{at}csiro.au.
Context: Dietary proteins appear to be more satiating than carbohydrate. The mechanism and effect of protein and carbohydrate type are unclear.
Objective: To compare the acute effect of different proteins and carbohydrates on indicators of appetite and appetite regulatory hormones.
Design: Randomized cross-over study of four orally consumed preloads followed by blood sampling (+15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min) then a buffet meal.
Setting: Outpatient clinic.
Patients and other participants: Nineteen overweight (BMI 32.1 ± 0.9kg/m2) men.
Interventions: Liquid preloads (1MJ) containing whey (55 g), casein (55 g), lactose (56 g) or glucose (56 g).
Main outcome measures: Plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucose and amino acids, gastric emptying rate (plasma paracetamol), appetite rating (visual analog scale) and ad libitum energy intake (EI).
Results: EI was 10 ± 3% higher after the glucose preload compared with lactose and protein preloads (P < 0.05) which predicted by ghrelin at 120 min (P < 0.05). CCK was 71 ± 6% higher 90 min after the protein preloads compared with glucose and lactose (P < 0.05) which predicted appetite at 180 min (P < 0.05). There was a small increase is branched chain amino acids after the whey preload compared with casein (P < 0.01) but this was independent of appetite and EI.
Conclusion: Acute appetite and EI are equally reduced after consumption of lactose, casein or whey compared with glucose which was consistent with differences in plasma ghrelin. Higher CCK responses after proteins correlated with satiety but did not affect EI.
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