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Submitted on August 10, 2005
Accepted on November 22, 2005
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: swerdloff{at}labiomed.org.
Context: To examine if combined testosterone and heat treatment has additive or synergistic effects on suppression of spermatogenesis
Objective: To determine whether T+H induces a greater suppression of spermatogenesis than either treatment alone in monkeys.
Design: Randomized, placebo, controlled study
Setting: Primate Center in China
Participants: 32 adult cynomolgus monkeys
Interventions: Groups of 8 adult monkeys were treated for 12 weeks with either: (1) two empty implants (C); (2) two T implants (T); (3) daily testicular heat exposure (43 C for 30 min) for two consecutive days (H); or (4) two T implants plus testicular heat exposure (T+H). Treatment was followed by an 8 -week recovery period.
Main Outcome Measures: Sperm counts, germ cell apoptosis
Results: Serum T levels were elevated in both the T and T+H groups during treatment but not in the C or H group. Sperm counts were transiently suppressed after heat to 16.4% of baseline at 4 weeks and then returned to pre-treatment levels. Sperm counts were suppressed slowly after T treatment to nadir of 6.4% of pre-treatment levels at 12 weeks. T+H rapidly suppressed sperm output as early as 4 weeks to 3.9% of pre-treatment levels that was maintained throughout treatment. The decreased sperm counts were due to increased germ cell apoptosis in all treatment groups. Sperm counts recovered to the pretreatment levels in all groups by 8 weeks post treatment.
Conclusion: This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that transient testicular warming enhances and hastens the effect of T implant on the suppression of spermatogenesis in monkeys.
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