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Submitted on March 11, 2005
Accepted on April 14, 2005
Traumatic Stress Studies Program, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Centre Western General Hospital, University of Edinborough, United Kingdom; Division of Biostatistics, Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Context: Reduced cortisol levels have been linked with vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the risk factor of parental PTSD in adult offspring of Holocaust survivors.
Objective: To report on the relationship between maternal PTSD symptoms and salivary cortisol levels in infants of mothers directly exposed to the World Trade Center (WTC) collapse on 9/11 during pregnancy.
Design: Mothers (n = 38) collected salivary cortisol samples from themselves and their year-old babies at awakening and at bedtime.
Results: Lower cortisol levels were observed in both mothers (F = 5.15, df = 1,34, P = 0.030) and babies of mothers (F = 8.0, df = 1,29, P = 0.008) who developed PTSD in response to 9/11 compared with mothers who did not develop PTSD and their babies. Lower cortisol levels were most apparent in babies born to mothers with PTSD exposed in their third trimester.
Conclusions: The data suggest that effects of maternal PTSD related to cortisol can be observed very early in the life of the offspring, and underscore the relevance of in utero contributors to putative biological risk for PTSD.
-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11 -HSD-2) •
transgenerational effects •
glucocorticoid programing
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