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Submitted on September 20, 2004
Accepted on November 22, 2004
Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Physiology, Preventive Medicine, and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Robert T. Chatterton Jr, E-mail: chat{at}northwestern.edu
The effects of ovarian suppression by oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement (HRT) were studied on hormone levels and on products of hormone action in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) from breasts of pre- and postmenopausal women. Multiple samples per subject revealed high consistency (ICCs) for all products measured. Compared with premenopausal women, NAF progesterone was much lower in postmenopausal women, but NAF androstenedione, DHEA, and DHEA sulfate concentrations were not different. With OC use, estradiol, estrone sulfate, and progesterone levels were similarly lower in serum and NAF. In postmenopausal women NAF estradiol and estrone sulfate were not significantly less than that in premenopausal women, nor were EGF or cathepsin D levels, but IL-6 was elevated. Despite corresponding changes in hormones in serum and NAF over time, correlations based upon simultaneous sampling were not significant. It is concluded that 1) potential precursors of estradiol remain at comparable levels in the breast after menopause, 2) local synthesis is important for maintenance of estradiol levels in NAF of postmenopausal women but less important for progesterone, 3) changes in the serum parameters are accurately reflected in NAF, but only after a matter of days. These findings provide further validation for the physiological relevance of NAF hormone levels as potential breast cancer risk markers.
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