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Submitted on May 10, 2004
Accepted on October 14, 2004
and ER
in primate mammary gland
Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; Biocenter Oulu and Research Center for Molecular Endocrinology, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Yun-Shang Piao, E-mail: Yun-Shang.Piao{at}mednut.ki.se
Estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P) are essential for the growth and differentiation of the breast but their roles in breast cancer is highly debated. To understand how E2 and P influence cell proliferation and differentiation, it is essential to know how their receptors are regulated. Because of limited tissue availability, little is known about regulation the two estrogen receptors (ER
and ER
) and the two progesterone receptor isoforms (PR-A and PR-B) in the normal human breast. What we know comes from rodent studies, which are not always pertinent for the human breast. We report now on regulation of gonadal hormone receptors during menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation in rhesus monkey mammary gland and on the relationship of these receptors to proliferation. We found that ER but not ER is down regulated when E2 levels increase and when cells enter the cell cycle. PR-B, but not PR-A, is expressed in proliferating cells. Thus under normal conditions the ratio of ER to ER in the breast depends on plasma concentrations of E2. Elevated expression of ER (as occurs in postmenopausal women) is a normal response to loss of E2 and indicates non-proliferating cells. As selective receptor ligands become available, they will be helpful in delineation of the functions of these receptors.
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