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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (M.O.G., N.X.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.O.G., R.A.), and Medical Genetics Institute (M.O.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; and Departments of Medicine (M.O.G., R.A.) and Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.A.), the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ricardo Azziz, M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A., Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Center for Androgen Related Disorders, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West Third Street, Suite 160W, Los Angeles, California 90048. E-mail: azzizr{at}cshs.org.
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Abstract |
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Objective: The objective was to replicate the association between CYP3A7*1C and reduced DHEAS levels in PCOS patients and assess its possible role in modulating testosterone levels.
Design: Women with and without PCOS were genotyped for CYP3A7*1C, and this variant was tested for association with DHEAS and total and free testosterone.
Setting: Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; controls were recruited from the surrounding community. Genotyping took place at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, CA).
Participants: A total of 287 white women with PCOS and 187 controls were studied.
Main Measurements: CYP3A7*1C genotype, PCOS risk, and androgen levels were measured.
Results: PCOS subjects who carried the CYP3A7*1C variant had lower levels of serum DHEAS and total testosterone (P = 0.0006 and 0.046, respectively). The variant was not associated with PCOS risk.
Conclusion: This study replicated prior work of the association of CYP3A7*1C and decreased DHEAS in a different population of young PCOS women, providing further genetic evidence that CYP3A7 plays a potential role in modulation of DHEAS levels. Adult expression of CYP3A7 may modify the PCOS phenotype by ameliorating adrenal androgen excess.
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Introduction |
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Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize multiple substrates including endogenous and exogenous compounds and participate in synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids (4). The CYP3A subfamily, a major subfamily of the CYP superfamily, consists of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. CYP3A4 is the most abundant P450 in the adult liver (30% of total CYP3A) (4). CYP3A5 is also present in the liver but at lower levels and is the primary extrahepatic CYP3A isoform (5). CYP3A7 is predominantly expressed in the fetus (>90% of total fetal CYP3A), and its expression is sharply down-regulated after birth (6). However, one promoter variant of the CYP3A7 gene, called CYP3A7*1C, consists of the replacement of an approximately 60-bp sequence from the analogous region of the CYP3A4 promoter, resulting in persistent CYP3A7 protein expression in the adult liver (5, 7).
CYP3A7 catalyzes 16
-hydroxylation of DHEA and DHEAS, which renders them less active and easier to eliminate (8). The frequency of CYP3A7*1C in two different groups was 3–4%; heterozygous carriers had approximately 50% lower DHEAS levels (9). These data suggested that the variant CYP3A7*1C may play a role in regulating DHEAS levels, via increasing the clearance of DHEA and DHEAS, which may ameliorate adrenal androgen excess in PCOS.
The aim of this study was to replicate the association between CYP3A7*1C and reduced DHEAS levels in PCOS patients and investigate association with PCOS and hyperandrogenemia. Our results confirmed the significant association with DHEAS and suggest CYP3A7*1C has an impact on the elimination of DHEA and/or DHEAS in PCOS. CYP3A7 may function as a modulator of adrenal androgen excess, regulating DHEAS and testosterone levels.
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Subjects and Methods |
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A total of 287 consecutive unrelated white patients with PCOS and 187 healthy unrelated white control women were recruited from the Birmingham, AL, area. PCOS cases were recruited from the reproductive endocrine practice of one of the investigators (R.A.) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Participation in research studies was offered to patients meeting inclusion criteria (premenopausal, nonpregnant, on no hormonal therapy for at least 3 months, and meeting diagnostic criteria for PCOS). PCOS was diagnosed following the 1990 National Institutes of Health consensus criteria (10).
Controls were healthy, nonhirsute women, with a history of regular menstrual cycles and no family history of hirsutism. Controls were recruited by word of mouth and advertisements in the Birmingham area through a call for healthy women without detailing further the nature of the studies.
Subjects underwent a physical examination and serum androgen measurement, per a previously described protocol (1). The same laboratory assays were used for all subjects.
All subjects gave written informed consent, and the study was performed according to the guidelines of the Institutional Review Boards of University of Alabama at Birmingham and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.
Genotyping
In the CYP3A7*1C variant, seven base pairs are changed in a specific 60-bp region of the CYP3A7 promoter (supplemental Fig. 1, published as supplemental data on The Endocrine Society’s Journals Online Web site at http://jcem.endojournals.org). This variant is a haplotype of seven single-nucleotide polymorphism alleles (5); therefore, we used one pair of probes covering four single-nucleotide polymorphisms to give the information of all of them. The variant was genotyped using the 5'-exonuclease assay (TaqMan MGB; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA); duplicate genotyping of 96 samples yielded 100% concordance. The PCR primers (forward, 5'-ACCTCGGCAGTTGGCAAA-3'; reverse, 5'-GCCAATGGCTCCACTTGAGT-3') were synthesized by Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). TaqMan MGB probes (probe 1, 5'-TATTCTATGtaGaATCATAc-3'; probe 2, 5'-ATATTCTATGagGtATCATAa-3') were synthesized by Applied Biosystems. The probes were labeled at the 5'-end with 6FAM or VIC (laser-activated fluorescent dyes), and at the 3'-end with a quencher/minor groove binder. Variant nucleotides are indicated in lower case in the probe sequences. The genotyping success rate was 93.4%.
Statistical analysis
Unpaired t tests and 
2 tests were used to compare clinical characteristics and allele frequencies between women with and without PCOS; quantitative trait values were log or square root transformed as appropriate to reduce nonnormality.
Data are expressed as the median (interquartile range). Association with androgens was evaluated using analysis of covariance, adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI) by including both as independent variables in every analysis. Association with presence/absence of PCOS was evaluated using logistic regression, adjusting for age and BMI. Significance was taken at P < 0.025 to account for the effects of multiple testing, considering that we analyzed one variant against two families of traits (PCOS diagnosis and androgens), yielding a correction factor of 2 (i.e. two independent comparisons). Analyses were carried out using Statview 5.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
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Results |
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In the entire cohort, carriers of CYP3A7*1C had significantly lower levels of DHEAS (P = 0.002), but the variant was not associated with total or free testosterone levels (Table 1
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). The variant was not associated with free testosterone.
Among controls, there was a trend to reduced DHEAS level in CYP3A7*1C carriers and no effect on testosterone (Table 1).
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Discussion |
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Adrenal androgen excess is common in PCOS. DHEAS is increased in approximately 20% of white and approximately 30% of black PCOS patients (2) and is measured as a marker of adrenal androgen excess. DHEAS is well suited for this because it is made in large amounts by the adrenals and has a long half-life. Family studies suggested that genetic factors account for 40–50% of the overall variation in DHEAS levels in women with PCOS (the heritability index was 0.44) (3). In addition, DHEA stimulated by ACTH is correlated between PCOS patients and their sisters, further suggesting that inherited factors modulate adrenal androgen production and/or clearance in PCOS (11). For example, variants in the DHEA sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) gene were associated with DHEAS levels in women with PCOS (12). We presume that enzymes that affect DHEAS and/or DHEA clearance would also be candidate genetic modulators of adrenal androgen levels in PCOS.
CYP3A7 catalyzes 16-hydroxylation of both DHEA and DHEAS, facilitating their elimination (8). During development, the presence of fetal CYP3A7 is important to protect the fetus against maternal DHEA effects (4). CYP3A7 expression becomes very low or undetectable after birth, whereas CYP3A4 expression is up-regulated in adult liver. However, persistent expression of CYP3A7 mRNA and protein has been identified in some human adult livers (5, 6, 13). About 60–70% of cases of persistent adult expression of CYP3A7 can be explained by CYP3A7 promoter variants (CYP3A7*1B and CYP3A7*1C) (5). Whereas CYP3A7*1C contains the same 60-bp homologous segment in the promoter region as that of CYP3A4, they have different substrate preferences and catalytic activities. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that CYP3A4 had a 34-fold greater 7β-hydroxylase activity than CYP3A7, whereas CYP3A7 showed 3-fold greater 16-hydroxylase activity than CYP3A4 (14).
The functional consequences of CYP3A7*1C and the resulting CYP3A7 expression in adult liver are incompletely understood. Previously, a significant association between CYP3A7*1C and a 50% reduction in DHEAS level was observed in two groups of subjects, 208 randomly selected individuals (110 women and 98 men, mean age 66–68 yr) and 345 elderly men (mean age 78 yr) (9). This result was confirmed by our current study in a different cohort of young women. We have also shown that CYP3A7*1C is associated with a trend to decreased PCOS risk and lower testosterone, as would be expected if DHEA is being more rapidly cleared, making less DHEA available to contribute to hyperandrogenemia. That these effects were less significant is not surprising, given that testosterone and PCOS are indirectly affected by CYP3A7, whereas DHEAS is directly affected (Fig. 1). Considering the minor role of hepatic steroid sulfatase in converting DHEAS to DHEA, DHEAS cannot serve as a circulating regeneration reservoir for DHEA (15); therefore, any factor that increases DHEA clearance can have a major effect on DHEAS levels. In addition, adult expression of CYP3A7 may reduce DHEAS by acting directly on it (Fig. 1). DHEA levels were not available in our cohort, so we cannot determine whether the lowering of DHEAS is via lowered DHEA. In any case, our data provide genetic evidence that CYP3A7*1C may be a protective factor against adrenal androgen excess in PCOS.
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). This notion deserves further investigation. The CYP3A7*1C variant is rare and thus probably important for a minority of PCOS women. Given the considerable heritability of DHEAS levels (3), there must be other variants in different genes that also contribute to variation in adrenal androgen levels (e.g. SULT2A1, HSD11B1) (12, 18).
In conclusion, this study replicated the association between CYP3A7*1C and decreased DHEAS in PCOS and found trends to reduced testosterone levels and lower PCOS risk. These results suggest adult expression of CYP3A7 may play a role in lowering DHEAS and total testosterone by increasing DHEA/DHEAS clearance and provide genetic evidence for such enzymes as modifiers of the PCOS phenotype.
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Footnotes |
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Disclosure Statement: M.O.G. and N.X. have nothing to declare. R.A. has received consulting fees from Procter & Gamble, Merck & Co., and Organon.
First Published Online April 29, 2008
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEAS, DHEA sulfate; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.
Received February 20, 2008.
Accepted April 18, 2008.
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References |
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  M. Maliqueo, T. Sir-Petermann, V. Perez, B. Echiburu, A. Ladron de Guevara, C. Galvez, N. Crisosto, and R. Azziz Adrenal Function during Childhood and Puberty in Daughters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2009; 94(9): 3282 - 3288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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