help button home button Endocrine Society JCEM
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1572
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a related Letter to the Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Walenkamp, M. J. E.
Right arrow Articles by Wit, J. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Walenkamp, M. J. E.
Right arrow Articles by Wit, J. M.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*OMIM
*Compound via MeSH
*Substance via MeSH
Medline Plus Health Information
*Growth Disorders
Related Collections
Right arrow Neuroendocrinology and Pituitary
Right arrow Pediatric Endocrinology
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 93, No. 1 204-207
Copyright © 2008 by The Endocrine Society

BRIEF REPORT

Height Gain with Combined Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analog Therapy in Two Pubertal Siblings with a Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Mutation

Marie J. E. Walenkamp, Alberto M. Pereira, Wilma Oostdijk, Wilhelmina H. Stokvis-Brantsma, Roland W. Pfaeffle, Oliver Blankenstein and Jan M. Wit

Departments of Pediatrics (M.J.E.W., W.O., W.H.S.-B., J.M.W.) and Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (A.M.P.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (R.W.P.), University of Leipzig, 04317 Leipzig, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (O.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: M. J. E. Walenkamp, Department of Pediatrics J6-S, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: m.j.e.walenkamp{at}lumc.nl.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Context: Patients with GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) mutations present with familial isolated GH deficiency, which untreated leads to a severely compromised adult height. Few data are available about the efficacy of treatment with GH in combination with a GnRH analog (GnRHa) in adolescence.

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the evolution of growth and skeletal age of a brother and sister of Moroccan descent with a homozygous GHRH-R mutation who presented at an advanced age (16 and 14.9 yr, respectively) and pubertal stage (Tanner stage G4 and B3, respectively) with a height of –5.1 SD score and –7.3 SD score on treatment with a combination of GH and GnRHa for 2.5 and 3 yr followed by GH alone.

Methods: GH was given in a dosage of 0.7 mg/m2·d (25 µg/kg·d) sc and triptorelin in a dosage of 3.75 mg per 4 wk im. Height and pubertal stage were measured three-monthly, bone age yearly.

Results: Combined GH and GnRHa treatment resulted in a height gain of 24 and 28.2 cm, respectively, compared with the initial predicted adult height by the method of Bayley and Pinneau. Adult height was within the population range and well within the target range.

Conclusions: Our patients demonstrate that, in case of isolated GH deficiency caused by a GHRH-R mutation, combined treatment of GH and GnRHa can be very effective in increasing final height, even at an advanced bone age and pubertal stage.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
GHRH and somatostatin are hypothalamic peptides that regulate the pulsatile GH secretion. GHRH stimulates GH synthesis and release, whereas somatostatin inhibits GH release (1). Binding of GHRH to the GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) activates the signaling cascade, resulting in cellular proliferation, GH synthesis, and secretion (2).

Several mutations in the GHRH-R gene have been identified, all showing an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Clinically, patients with homozygous GHRH-R mutations present with familial isolated GH deficiency (GHD), including proportionate short stature, variable anterior pituitary hypoplasia, low IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 levels, subnormal stimulated GH levels, and good response to exogenous GH (2, 3, 4, 5).

In 2001 we described the GH secretion in two patients with a novel homozygous single base pair transition (G->C) at the splice donor site of intron VII of the GHRH-R gene (6). At the time of diagnosis, they were 14.9 and 16 yr old and had reached an advanced stage of puberty. Both patients were treated with GH in combination with a GnRH analog (GnRHa). We demonstrate that this combination can be highly effective in increasing final height, even at this advanced age and maturational stage.


   Patients and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Auxological measurements

Height, body mass index, and target height were expressed as SD score (SDS) based on Dutch references for children of Moroccan descent (7). Sitting height to height ratio and head circumference were expressed as standard SDS based on Dutch references (8, 9). Target height was calculated from the parents’ heights corrected for sex and secular trend: [(height of father and mother ± 13)/2 + 4.5] (8).

Biochemical measurements

Biochemical assays have been described previously (6). An arginine test was performed with 0.5 g/kg arginine in 30 min.

Radiographic measurements

Bone age and predicted adult height was assessed by scoring the radius, ulna, and short bones (RUS), using the Tanner and Whitehouse-2 (TW-2) method (10). In addition, bone age was assessed with the Greulich and Pyle method (11) and predicted adult height according to the tables of Bayley and Pinneau (12).

Patients

The patients were the third and fourth son and daughter of a Moroccan family with six children. The parents were not aware of consanguinity. The other four children were healthy. The father’s height was 170 cm and the mother’s height was 156.4 cm, resulting in a target height of 174.2 cm (0 SDS) for the brother and 161.2 cm (0 SDS) for the sister.

The boy was referred to our hospital because of short stature at the age of 16 yr. Three months before, he and his sister had immigrated from Morocco. No previous growth data were available. His medical history was uneventful, and he had no other complaints. Auxological, biochemical, and radiological features are summarized in Table 1Go. Total 24-h GH production was greatly diminished, as has been described earlier in detail (6). The maximal rise of TSH after 200 µg TRH was 5.7 mU/liter after 20 min, which was considered a suboptimal response. A normal increase of prolactin was observed (from 4.5 to 15 µg/liter). Although computed tomography at the age of 16 yr showed a partial empty sella, a magnetic resonance imaging scan at the age of 25 yr showed no abnormalities of the pituitary and hypothalamus.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		TABLE 1. Auxological, biochemical, and radiological characteristics of the patients

 
GH treatment was started at the age of 16.2 yr (Genotropin; Pharmacia, Stockholm, Sweden, presently Pfizer, New York, NY) at a dosage of 0.7 mg/m2·d (25 µg/kg·d). After 6 wk of GH treatment, a low level of total T4 was found [56 nmol/liter (normal value 70–160 nmol/liter)] with a normal T3 and TSH level. Substitution with levothyroxine was initiated. Retesting 6 yr later revealed a normal TSH response to TRH (6). Administration of 100 µg GnRH showed a maximal increase of LH to 10.1 U/liter, which was considered as a pubertal response. Plasma testosterone was 32.4 nmol/liter (923 ng/dl). To prevent further progression of puberty and bone maturation, GnRHa treatment was initiated 1 month after the start of GH (Decapeptyl CR, 3.75 mg every 4 wk im; Ferring, Lausanne, Switzerland). GnRHa treatment resulted in prepubertal testosterone levels within 1 month and decreased the testicular volumes from 15 to 6 ml after 9 months of treatment. GnRHa was discontinued at the age of 18.7 yr (total duration of treatment 2.4 yr). Subsequently the GH dose was increased to 1 mg/m2·d (34 µg/kg·d). Adult height was reached at the age of 21.3 yr and was 168.2 cm (–1.0 SDS), which was well within his target range (Fig. 1AGo). After reaching adult height, he has received GH replacement at a dosage of 0.4 mg/d sc.


Figure 1
View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIG. 1. A, Growth chart for Dutch children of Moroccan descent of the boy with a GHRH-R mutation. The squares represent the bone age (TW-2 RUS). B, Growth chart for Dutch children of Moroccan descent of the girl with a GHRH-R mutation. The squares represent the bone age (TW-2 RUS).

 
The girl was referred to our hospital at the same time as her brother, at the age of 14.9 yr. Her medical history was also uneventful. Her auxological, biochemical, and radiological characteristics are summarized in Table 1Go. At physical examination she had a doll-like face and increased abdominal fat. No dysmorphic features were noticed. Menarche had occurred, but it was uncertain at what age. She had regular menstrual cycles. Total 24-h GH production was greatly diminished, as was earlier described in detail (6). The maximal rise of TSH after 200 µg TRH was from 0.8 to 6.7 mU/liter after 20 min, which was considered as a subnormal response. Prolactin increased from 3.6 to 21 µg/liter (normal). Computed tomography at the age of 15 yr showed an empty sella, which was confirmed on the magnetic resonance imaging scan at 23 yr of age.

At the age of 15 yr, GH treatment was started (Genotropin; Pharmacia, presently Pfizer; 0.8 mg/m2·d = 28 µg/kg·d sc) and 1 month after the start of GH, a GnRHa was added (Decapeptyl CR 3.75 mg, every 4 wk im). Before treatment a GnRH test showed a pubertal response with a LH peak of 17.3 mU/liter 30 min after 100 µg GnRH iv. Plasma estradiol was 64 nmol/liter. On GnRHa treatment, plasma estradiol was less than 40 pmol/liter and menstrual cycles stopped. Total T4 levels decreased after 6 wk of GH treatment (total T4 61 nmol/liter), whereas T3 and TSH levels were normal, for which levothyroxine replacement therapy was initiated. Retesting at adult age showed a normal TSH response to TRH, and levothyroxine was discontinued (6). The GnRHa was stopped after 3 yr of treatment at the age of 17.1 yr. At that moment bone age was 12.9 yr according to TW-2 and 12 yr according to Greulich and Pyle. Subsequently the GH dose was increased to 1.3 mg/m2·d (30 µg/kg·d). Puberty progressed normally after discontinuation of the GnRHa. At 20.5 yr, she had Tanner stage B5 and regular menstrual cycles. Her final height was 155.6 cm (–1 SDS), which was well within the target range (Fig. 1BGo). After reaching final height, GH injections were discontinued for 4 yr, but after retesting, GH treatment was reinstituted in a dosage of 0.4 mg/d. During uneventful pregnancies, at the age of 26 and 27 yr, GH was discontinued after the first trimester. She delivered two healthy babies, a girl and a boy, who are growing normally.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Result of GH and GnRHa treatment

Treatment with the combination of GH and GnRHa during 2.5 yr in the male sibling resulted in a height gain of 24 and 19.6 cm, according to the pretreatment predicted adult height determined by Bayley and Pinneau (12) and TW-2, respectively. In the female sib a height gain of 28.2 and 35.3 cm was established after 3 yr of combination treatment compared with the pretreatment predicted adult height determined by Bayley and Pinneau (12) and TW-2, respectively.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Mutations in the GHRH-R gene account for approximately 10% of the patients with familial isolated GHD. In both our patients, a homozygous G-> C transition at the splice donor site of intron VII was found, altering the first base pair of the intervening intronic sequence after exon 7. This mutation interrupts the signal transduction of GHRH, causes GHD, and consequently severe postnatal growth retardation. Our patients were diagnosed at the ages of 16 and 14.9 yr, respectively, and they both showed signs of advanced puberty. We hypothesized that GH treatment alone at this advanced stage of puberty would accelerate bone maturation progressively and thereby limit the effect on final height, whereas administration of GnRHa might delay the process of epiphyseal fusion by inhibiting the secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal sex steroids. Our cases illustrate that severely GH-deficient adolescents can greatly benefit from the combination GH and GnRHa treatment, even at an advanced age, bone age and pubertal stage.

The large height gain on GH and GnRHa treatment experienced in our patients is far beyond the average additional effect of GnRHa in group analyses (~7 cm) (13, 14, 15, 16, 17). Also in individual patients with GH deficiency, we are not aware of reports on such extremely good result. We speculate that, in our cases, who have a severe GHD caused by a well-defined genetic disorder, the intact GH-IGF-I axis downstream of the level of the GHRH-R resulted in maximal GH sensitivity. This is supported by the significant rise of IGF-I seen in the IGF-I generation test in patients with a GHRH-R mutation (18) and the good growth response to GH therapy in those patients (2, 3, 4, 5, 18). The good sensitivity allows optimal catch-up growth, whereas the absence of estrogen restricts epiphyseal maturation. The only report on GH and GnRHa therapy in a boy with a GHRH-R mutation also showed a positive effect on linear growth, but this was limited to a few centimeters (19).

The TSH response to TRH was suboptimal in our patients, suggesting mild secondary hypothyroidism. A blunted TSH response was also reported in other patients with a GHRH-R mutation (18). One could hypothesize that hypoplasia of the pituitary is one of the contributing factors; however, the pituitary size was normal in the brother. Another possible explanation for the blunted TSH response is that GHRH is necessary for maximal TSH production, although the normal TRH test at adult age argues against this. The low T4 levels after the start of GH therapy were probably the result of the positive effect of GH on 5'deiodinase activity, the enzyme converting T4 into T3 (20). In general, treatment is not necessary because T4 levels recover spontaneously, but in our cases levothyroxine treatment was started to create optimal conditions for growth.

In conclusion, this report shows that in patients with isolated GHD due to a GHRH-R mutation, combined treatment of GH and GnRHa can have a great effect on adult height, even if started at an advanced bone age and pubertal stage.


   Footnotes
 
First Published Online October 9, 2007

Abbreviations: GHD, GH deficiency; GHRH-R, GHRH receptor; GnRHa, GnRH analog; SDS, SD score; RUS, radius, ulna, and short bones; TW-2, Tanner and Whitehouse-2.

Disclosure Statement: W.H.S.-B. and O.B. have nothing to declare. M.J.E.W. received a lecture fee from Lilly; A.M.P. received lecture fees from Pfizer, Ipsen, and Novartis; W.O. received lecture fees from Pfizer; R.W.P. is on a Lilly advisory board and received lecture fees from Pfizer, Lilly, and Ferring; and J.M.W. served on advisory boards of Eli Lilly, Ipsen, and Tercica and received lecture fees from Pfizer, Ipsen, Ferring, and Tercica.

Received July 16, 2007.

Accepted October 3, 2007.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Giustina A, Veldhuis JD 1998 Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocr Rev 19:717–797[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Salvatori R, Fan X, Phillips III JA, Espigares-Martin R, Martin de Lara I, Freeman KL, Plotnick L, Al Ashwal A, Levine MA 2001 Three new mutations in the gene for the growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone receptor in familial isolated GH deficiency type IB. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:273–279[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Salvatori R, Fan X, Mullis PE, Haile A, Levine MA 2002 Decreased expression of the GHRH receptor gene due to a mutation in a Pit-1 binding site. Mol Endocrinol 16:450–458[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Netchine I, Talon P, Dastot F, Vitaux F, Goossens M, Amselem S 1998 Extensive phenotypic analysis of a family with growth hormone (GH) deficiency caused by a mutation in the GH-releasing hormone receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:432–436[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Wajnrajch MP, Gertner JM, Harbison MD, Chua Jr SC, Leibel RL 1996 Nonsense mutation in the human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor causes growth failure analogous to the little (lit) mouse. Nat Genet 12:88–90[CrossRef][Medline]
  6. Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Veldman RG, Veldhuis JD, Frolich M, Stokvis-Brantsma WH, Wit JM 2001 Growth hormone (GH) secretion in patients with an inactivating defect of the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor is pulsatile: evidence for a role for non-GHRH inputs into the generation of GH pulses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2459–2464[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, Jeurissen SE, Dekker FW, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Wit JM 2004 Height, weight, body mass index and pubertal development references for children of Moroccan origin in The Netherlands. Acta Paediatr 93:817–824[Medline]
  8. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, Burgmeijer RJ, Meulmeester JF, Beuker RJ, Brugman E, Roede MJ, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Wit JM 2000 Continuing positive secular growth change in The Netherlands, 1955–1997. Pediatr Res 47:316–323[Medline]
  9. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, van Heel WJM, Dijkman-Neerincx RHM, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Wit JM 2005 Nationwide age references for sitting height, leg length, and sitting height/height ratio, and their diagnostic value for disproportionate growth disorders. Arch Dis Child 90:807–812[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Cameron N, Marshall WA, Healy MJR, Goldstein H 1983 Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height (TW-2 method). 2nd ed. London: Academic Press
  11. Greulich WW, Pyle SI 1959 Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
  12. Bayley N, Pinneau SR 1952 Tables for predicting adult height from skeletal age: revised for use with the Greulich-Pyle hand standards. J Pediatr 40:423–441[CrossRef][Medline]
  13. Mericq MV, Eggers M, Avila A, Cutler Jr GB, Cassorla F 2000 Near final height in pubertal growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients treated with GH alone or in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog: results of a prospective, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:569–573[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Mul D, Wit J, Oostdijk W, Van den Broeck J 2001 The effect of pubertal delay by GnRH agonist in GH-deficient children on final height. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4655–4656[Free Full Text]
  15. Wit JM, Balen HV, Kamp GA, Oostdijk W 2004 Benefit of postponing normal puberty for improving final height. Eur J Endocrinol 151(Suppl 1):S41–S45
  16. Tauber M, Berro B, Delagnes V, Lounis N, Jouret B, Pienkowski C, Oliver I, Rochiccioli P 2003 Can some growth hormone (GH)-deficient children benefit from combined therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and GH? Results of a retrospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1179–1183[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Saggese G, Federico G, Barsanti S, Fiore L 2001 The effect of administering gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist with recombinant-human growth hormone (GH) on the final height of girls with isolated GH deficiency: results from a controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1900–1904[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Maheshwari HG, Silverman BL, Dupuis J, Baumann G 1998 Phenotype and genetic analysis of a syndrome caused by an inactivating mutation in the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor: dwarfism of Sindh. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:4065–4074[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Espigares R, Martin de Lara I, Ruiz-Cabello F, Ortega L, Ferrandez LA, Argente J, Salvatori R 2004 Phenotypic analysis and growth response to different growth hormone treatment schedules in two siblings with an inactivating mutation in the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor gene. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 17:793–800[Medline]
  20. Alcantara MR, Salvatori R, Alcantara PR, Nobrega LM, Campos VS, Oliveira EC, Oliveira MH, Souza AH, Aguiar-Oliveira MH 2006 Thyroid morphology and function in adults with untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:860–864[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a related Letter to the Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Walenkamp, M. J. E.
Right arrow Articles by Wit, J. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Walenkamp, M. J. E.
Right arrow Articles by Wit, J. M.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*OMIM
*Compound via MeSH
*Substance via MeSH
Medline Plus Health Information
*Growth Disorders
Related Collections
Right arrow Neuroendocrinology and Pituitary
Right arrow Pediatric Endocrinology

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals