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Service de Médecine Nucléaire et de Cancérologie Endocrinienne (G.As., S.L., J.-P.T., C.D., M.S., E.B.), Département de Santé Publique (G.An.) and Département d’Anatomo-Pathologie (B.C.), Institut Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris XI, 94800 Villejuif, France; Département d’Anatomo-Pathologie (F.T.) and Service d’Endocrinologie (G.Ab., X.B., J.B.), Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris V René Descartes, Faculté de Médécine, Site Cochin-Port-Royal, 75014 Paris, France; Département Endocrinologie-Métabolisme-Cancer (F.T., X.B., J.B.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U567 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; and Laboratoire d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes (C.G.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-515, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Université Paris VI, 75012 Paris, France
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: E. Baudin, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France. E-mail: baudin{at}igr.fr.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the clinical presentation of metastatic ACC and determine prognostic factors for survival.
Design: This was a retrospective cohort study (1988–2004).
Setting: The study was conducted in an institutional practice.
Patients: Participants included 124 consecutive patients with metastatic ACC, 70 from Gustave-Roussy Institute (main cohort) and 54 patients from the Cochin Hospital (validation cohort). Clinical data concerning all patients, histopathologic slides of primary tumors (44 in the main cohort and 40 in the validation cohort), and molecular biology data on 15 primary tumors (main cohort) were analyzed.
Intervention: There was no intervention.
Main Outcome: The main outcome was the specific survival after discovery of the first metastasis (Kaplan-Meier method). This included univariate analysis on the main cohort, confirmed on the validation cohort and then analyzed in a multivariate analysis.
Results: In the main cohort, overall median survival was 20 months. In univariate analysis, the presence of hepatic and bone metastases, the number of metastatic lesions and the number of tumoral organs at the time of the first metastasis, a high mitotic rate (>20 per 50 high-power field), and atypical mitoses in the primary tumor predicted survival (P = 0.05, 0.003, 0.046, 0.001, 0.01, and < 0.001, respectively). The number of tumoral organs and a high mitotic rate were confirmed on the validation cohort (P = 0.009 and 0.03, respectively). These two parameters were confirmed in multivariate analysis (P = 0.0058 and 0.049).
Conclusion: Metastatic ACC is a heterogeneous disease with poor outcome. The combination of the number of tumoral organs at the time of the first metastasis and the mitotic rate can predict different outcomes.
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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After complete resection of adrenocortical tumors, Gicquel et al. (21) demonstrated that age, Weiss pathological criteria, and 17p13 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were independent factors for relapse-free survival. Harrison et al. (22) found that combination of parameters including the size of ACC but also the mitotic count and hemorrhage identify subgroups of patients whose 5-yr survival range from 0 to 83%. However, in both studies, stage was either not specified or heterogeneous.
Because stage is a major prognostic parameter, prognostic studies should focus on ACC patients selected according to disease stage. In clinical practice, results of prognostic studies dealing with patients presenting with various stage at diagnosis are poorly applicable when facing a patient at a given stage. Namely, ACC patients with distant metastases continue to be a major therapeutic challenge. Between 17 and 53% of ACC patients present with distant metastases at the time of the diagnosis (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 23, 24), and their 5-yr survival ranges from 0 to 17% (6, 7, 8, 20, 25, 26), with a survival of less than 13 months (1, 3, 4, 5, 6). Despite the prognosis of ACC patients presenting with distant metastasis is commonly seen to be heterogeneous, prognostic factors for survival remain unknown.
In an attempt to clarify this question, we conducted a study on clinical, pathological, and biological prognostic factors in ACC patients with distant metastases, followed up in a single center (Gustave-Roussy Institute, first cohort). The main goal was to define prognostic factors for survival in this subgroup of patients. Factors influencing survival were then validated in a second cohort of ACC patients recruited from another French center (Cochin Hospital, second cohort).
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Patients and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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From January 1988 to April 2003, 76 patients with metastatic ACC followed up at the Gustave-Roussy were enrolled. Six patients were excluded due to uncertainty regarding the diagnosis (two patients) or because they were lost to follow-up (four patients). All histopathological diagnoses were confirmed by a single pathologist (B.C.). Complete clinical, biological, and morphological evaluations, including an abdominal ultrasound, a chest and abdomen computerized tomography (CT) scan (conventional and spiral CT since 1998), a chest x-ray, and bone scintigraphy, were performed within 4 months of the diagnosis. In three patients, only chest x-rays were repeated, but they remained negative. In three other patients, no bone scan was performed and the initial bone evaluation was deemed negative because of lack of bone pain. Clinically functional tumors were confirmed by appropriate hormonal tests. If tumors were not clinically functional, biological tests include measurement of potassium level, plasma and/or urinary excretion of cortisol, and androgen elevation by measuring plasma testosterone and/or androstenedione and/or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. During the study period, therapeutic management was homogeneous and included primary surgery, first-line systemic o,p'DDD chemotherapy and in case of disease progression, a cisplatinum-based regimen as second-line therapy, with or without liver chemoembolization, as previously described (4, 27, 28, 29). Various treatment options have been given as a third-line therapy, and reoperation was discussed case by case. Information on clinical follow-up was available for all patients
Patients of the Cochin Hospital cohort
A second cohort of patients originating from Cochin Hospital was analyzed to validate prognostic parameters found significant at univariate analysis in the Gustave-Roussy cohort. From April 1988 to August 2004, 60 patients with metastatic ACC followed up at the Cochin Hospital were enrolled in this study. Six patients were excluded due to missing data. Among the 54 remaining patients, histopathological diagnostic was confirmed for 52 by a single pathologist (F.T.), and for the remaining two patients, the diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of Cushing’s syndrome associated with evidence of metastatic spread. As recently described, complete clinical, biological, and morphological evaluations were performed, including systematic chest and abdomen CT scan and bone scintigraphy depending on clinical presentation (30). During the study period, therapeutic management was homogeneous and included primary surgery and systemic o,p'DDD chemotherapy as a first-line chemotherapy. Various therapeutic options were given as a second line. Clinical follow-up was available for all patients.
Pathological examination
For the Gustave-Roussy cohort, pathological slides from 44 patients were reviewed by a single pathologist (B.C.). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of the primary tumor were available and systematic evaluation of 11 pathological criteria was performed, including the nine Weiss pathological criteria as previously defined (17) and two additional criteria: intratumor hemorrhage and nuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions. The median number of slides per patient was three (range from 1 to 10).
For the Cochin cohort, pathological slides of 40 patients were reviewed by one pathologist (F.T.). The nine Weiss pathological criteria were recorded.
The size of the primary tumor was recorded taking into account the size of the tumor at gross pathological examination.
Molecular biology analysis
In the Gustave-Roussy cohort, primary adrenal tumor total RNA and DNA were extracted and purified, as previously described (31). The allelic status of the 17p13 and 11p15 loci were determined in 13 and 15 patients, respectively, by Southern blotting and PCR. IGF-II overexpression was determined, in 15 patients, by dot-blot quantification, as previously described (21). The presence of IGF-II overexpression was defined as a ratio 10-fold above that of the normal adrenal gland.
Informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Statistical analysis
In the Gustave-Roussy cohort, the following clinical criteria were recorded in all patients (see Table 1
for classes): gender, age, size of the primary, the MacFarlane stage at initial diagnosis (see Table 1 footnotes), tumor side, renal or inferior vena cava tumor thrombus, hormonal or cortisol secretion, time between the diagnosis of the primary tumor and the first metastasis, location of tumoral organs, total number of tumoral organs (including the primary or a locoregional recurrence, liver, lung, bone, other), and total number of metastases. As detailed above, 11 pathological criteria were recorded in 44 patients and the biological parameters (analyzed as present or absent) in 13–15 patients.
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The predictive factors for survival identified within the Gustave-Roussy cohort were validated on the Cochin cohort in univariate analysis. Factors validated in univariate analysis were further tested in multivariate analysis in the Gustave-Roussy cohort. Survival rates and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method (32) and the Rothman method (33). The log-rank test (34) was used to compare survival curves (univariate analysis). The relative risks (95% confidence interval) were estimated using Cox’s proportional hazards regression model (35) (univariate and multivariate analysis). All tests were two sided.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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)
Seventy patients with metastatic ACC (21 males and 49 females; median age 43.6 yr; range 18–69 yr) constitute the study population. The main patient characteristics are detailed in Table 1. Briefly, primary tumors were smaller than 10 cm in 21 patients (30%) including four tumors measuring 5 cm or less; at diagnosis the MacFarlane stage was IV in 36 patients (51%). Secretory activity was demonstrated in 50 patients (71%), consisting of Cushing’s syndrome in 38 (54%). The median time between the diagnosis of the primary tumor and the discovery of the first metastasis was 12.3 months (range 0–100 months), being less than 4 months in the majority of patients (33 of 70: 47%). Of note, 80 and 90% of metastases were discovered within 17 and 32 months, respectively, after the diagnosis of the primary tumor. At the time of study entry, tumoral organs included the liver (41 patients; 59%), lung (47 patients; 67%), bone (nine patients; 13%), peritoneum (eight patients; 11%), and miscellaneous organs (nine patients; 13%) including 10 lesions (two ovaries, one mediastinal lymph node, one neck lymph node, one skin, one brain, two thyroid, one pancreas, one spleen). Metastases confined to a single organ involved the liver, lungs, and bone in 19 (27%), 22 (31%), and no patients, respectively. An adrenal tumor was present when metastatic disease was discovered in 53 patients (76%), including 17 locoregional recurrences (24%). The majority of patients experienced two tumoral organs at presentation and more than five metastatic locations. Of note, in four patients the exact number of metastases could not be assessed.
The median follow-up since the diagnosis of the first metastasis, calculated according to the inverse Kaplan-Meier method, was 51 months.
The primary tumor was resected in 67 patients and was macroscopically complete in 62 (89%). Three patients did not undergo resection of the primary because of advanced metastatic disease. All patients received o,p'DDD as first-line medical therapy as either adjuvant (35 patients) or palliative (35 patients) treatment. Of the 70 patients, 62 (89%) received cisplatin-based second-line chemotherapy, and 45 of them were treated with an etoposide-cisplatin regimen. Liver chemoembolization was performed in 12 patients. Twenty-five patients underwent reoperation for the primary tumor (11 patients), metastases (13 patients), or both (1 patient).
Pathological features of the Gustave-Roussy cohort (Table 1)
The pathological features of primary ACC from the 44 patients of the Gustave-Roussy cohort are detailed in Table 1. Briefly, the mitotic count exceeded 20 per high-power field (HPF) in 16 (36%), and atypical mitoses were seen in 13 patients (30%). Capsular invasion, a low level of clear cells, necrosis, venous embolism, and a diffuse architecture were identified in 38 (86%), 18 (41%), 39 (89%), 21 (48%), and 41 (93%) tumors, respectively. Finally, intratumor hemorrhage and intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were found in 13 (30%) and 14 (32%) tumors, respectively.
17p13 and 11p15 allelic status and IGF-II mRNA tumor content in the Gustave-Roussy cohort (Table 1)
Biological results are given in Table 1. Overexpression of the IGF-II gene was found in nine of 15 tumors analyzed (60%). 17p13 LOH was found in eight of 13 tumors analyzed (62%), and 11p15 LOH was found in 11 of 15 tumors analyzed (74%). Of note, as previously reported (31), eight of the nine patients with documented IGF-II expression had an uniparental disomy in 11p15.
Outcome data in the Gustave-Roussy cohort
The 1-, 2-, and 5-yr survival rates were 72% (61–82%), 41% (30%–54%), and 12% (5–25%). The overall median survival for the entire cohort was 20 months. At the time of the last follow-up, 52 (74%) patients had died of their disease.
Prognostic factors for survival in the Gustave-Roussy cohort (univariate analysis; Table 1)
Liver metastases (P = 0.05), bone metastases (P = 0.003), more than five metastatic lesions (P = 0.04), more than two tumoral organs (P = 0.001), a high mitotic count (>20/50 HPF; P = 0.01), and presence of atypical mitoses (P < 0.001) were identified as predictive factors for survival at univariate analysis. Of note, we found a trend toward a better outcome in patients whose metastases were diagnosed more than 1 yr after resection of the primary ACC, compared with those who developed a recurrence before this date (2-yr survival of 49 and 26%, respectively, P = 0.16). The number of metastatic lesions and number of tumoral organs (trend test: P = 0.008) as well as mitotic count and atypical mitoses (
2 test: P = 0.0058) were highly intricated. These parameters were further explored for the validation study. Others parameters were found not significantly related with survival.
Validation of the prognostic factors for survival in the Cochin cohort (univariate analysis; Table 2)
The median follow-up since the diagnosis of the first metastasis was 36.7 months. The primary tumor was resected in all patients except for four patients because of advanced metastatic disease. The overall median survival for the entire cohort was 14 months.
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). The number of metastatic lesions could not be tested.
Multivariate analysis of the validated prognostic factors in the Gustave-Roussy cohort (Table 3)
The number of tumoral organs (P = 0.0058) and the number of mitoses (P = 0.049) showed a significant effect on survival on multivariate analysis.
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): a 2.8-, 1.2-, and 0.8-yr median survival was observed in ACC patients with none, one, and two deleterious prognostic factors, the 5-yr survival being 25, 0, and 0%, respectively (P = 0.0008).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Our study has several limitations: it is a retrospective study, performed on a limited number of patients, and only a median of three slides were reviewed to assess the pathological status, and pathological and biological data were analyzed in only 44 and 15 ACC patients. Finally, we cannot extensively rule out the impact of therapeutic interventions on our results. Some concessions can be made for these limited data given the rarity of the disease, and the homogeneous imaging and therapeutic management of ACC patients in a single referral cancer center during the study period. Moreover, the reliability of the study is greatly increased by the use of an independent cohort of patients for the validation of the results. Concerning the number of slides, only representative slides, as judged by the first pathologist, were reviewed for Weiss score determination. However, we cannot totally exclude an underestimation of the pathological Weiss score.
The clinical characteristics of patients with metastatic ACC deserve several remarks. The largest diameter of the primary tumor was less than 5 cm in 6% of patients and less than five mitoses per 50 HPF were found in 32% of patients, suggesting that these two parameters should not be regarded as reliable single criteria of benign disease. The majority of ACC patients had two tumoral organs and more than five metastases, and the liver and lung were the most frequently affected organs, which is in accordance with a recent review (36). The 5-yr survival of 12% and a median survival of 20 months compare favorably with previous studies of patients with unresectable ACC including metastatic ACC (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 25, 26). Whether this slightly improved outcome is related to better therapeutic management, earlier diagnosis of metastatic disease, population heterogeneity, or better supportive care remains to be established.
Our study highlights the number of tumoral organs at the time of the first metastasis as a major predictive factor for survival of patients with metastatic ACC. This result suggests that the tumor burden has a higher prognostic value than the location of any involved organ (lung, bone, liver) including the primary. Indeed, the lower survival of patients with hepatic or bone metastasis we observed in univariate analysis was actually related to a higher tumor burden. In particular, all patients with bone metastases had metastatic disease in other organs. Furthermore, no difference in survival between isolated lung or liver metastases patients were found in this study (data not shown). Locoregional extension, presence of a thrombus, or functional status were not identified as major prognostic parameters in metastatic ACC patients, supporting that an active medical or surgical control of these ACC characteristics is not an overriding priority in comparison with tumor burden control and therefore the use of active cytotoxic agents (4, 8, 10, 12, 20, 30).
The pathological analysis of adrenal tumors was first introduced as a diagnostic tool for ACC (18, 37, 38). The Weiss score is the most widely used. From a prognostic point of view, the mitotic index or the Ki-67 staining index has emerged as single parameters correlated with survival in various studies (11, 12, 17, 19, 39, 40). However, in only two studies was the influence of the stage concomitantly analyzed (12, 40), the proliferative index remaining significantly associated with survival in one (12). Finally, none of these studies determined whether the prognostic influence of the mitotic count was applicable in the subgroup of ACC presenting with distant metastasis. Our study highlights that both a high number of mitoses and the presence of atypical mitoses could predict survival of metastatic ACC patients and that these two parameters were highly correlated in the Gustave-Roussy cohort. However, in the validation cohort, only the number of mitoses, and not the presence of atypical mitoses, could predict survival in metastatic ACC patients. This discrepancy may be explained by either a random effect in our cohort or a lack of reproducibility of atypical mitoses diagnosis between the two pathologists. Atypical mitoses have also been considered as a significant diagnostic parameter in a one-score pathological system (37), associated with a low disease-free survival in a univariate analysis in another study (12), and identified as an important predictor of malignancy in childhood adrenocortical tumors (41). The potential biological relevance of atypical mitoses in these patients remains to be understood.
Together with clinical and pathological criteria, we addressed the question of whether the IGF-II expression and 17p13 and 11p15 LOH play a role in the prediction of outcome in a limited number of patients with metastatic ACC. IGF-II overexpression and 11p15 locus rearrangement are frequently observed in sporadic ACC (31, 42). Using DNA microarray analysis, two recent studies underlined that IGF-II overexpression is a major diagnostic target in sporadic ACC (43, 44). Also, from a diagnostic standpoint, 17p13 LOH was found to be an independent prognostic marker of recurrence (21). Furthermore, IGF-II overexpression and 17p13 and 11p15 LOH were found to be correlated with Weiss criteria, tumor stage and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (21, 42, 45). However, in the present study, none of these biological parameters were found to be correlated with survival. Despite the fact that we cannot rule out that the lack of prognostic value may be related to the low number of samples, these data may suggest an early initiating rather than a progressive role of these markers in the carcinogenic process in ACC. As recently emphasized, it is one major goal of the recently created European Network for the study of Adrenal Tumors network to gather an adequate number of ACC tissue samples which, in the field of prognostic studies, may turn into the discovery of putative therapeutic targets (46).
Finally, at multivariate analysis, the number of tumoral organs at the time of first metastasis and the mitotic index in the primary were found to be the two major predictors of survival in patients with metastatic ACC. By combining these parameters, different outcomes can be predicted. In particular, patients with less than two tumoral organs and less than 20 mitoses per 50 HPF in the primary tumor constitute a favorable subgroup of metastatic patients associated with a 25%, 5-yr-specific survival. In this subgroup, a repeated surgical resection may be appropriate. In addition, previous studies suggest that the ability to perform a complete resection is a critical parameter that is associated to a better outcome (3, 7, 15). Finally, the interval between primary surgery and the diagnosis of the first metastasis may also help the physician to decide between a general or a locoregional therapeutic approach. Conversely, in patients with at least one pejorative prognostic factor, we suggest that a systemic medical control of patients with metastatic ACC should be an overriding priority before locoregional therapeutic management such as a repeated surgical resection. The questionable value of medical management, including o,p'DDD- and cisplatinum-based chemotherapy indicates that new drugs are urgently needed in ACC patients.
Our study highlights for the first time prognostic factors for survival of patients with metastatic ACC. The number of tumoral organs together with a high mitotic count in the primary tumor may serve to divide a heterogeneous population of patients into smaller subgroups with more predictable outcomes. Results of therapeutic trials should take into account the heterogeneity of patients with metastatic ACC.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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Disclosure Statement: The authors have nothing to disclose.
First Published Online October 24, 2006
Abbreviations: ACC, Adrenocortical carcinoma; CT, computerized tomography; HPF, high-power field; LOH, loss of heterozygosity; o,p'DDD, 1,1-dichlorodiphenildichloroethane.
Received March 31, 2006.
Accepted October 13, 2006.
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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