This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 91/8/3084    most recent Author Manuscript (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lin, J.-C. Articles by Chang, F.-Y. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lin, J.-C. Articles by Chang, F.-Y. Related Collections Diabetes and Insulin

Impaired Phagocytosis of Capsular Serotypes K1 or K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Poor Glycemic Control

Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital (J.-C.L., S.-C.W., F.-Y.C.), Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China; Divisions of Clinical Research (L.K.S.), Biostatistics (H.-H.T.), and Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research (C.-T.C.), National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University (C.-P.F.), Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China; and Fu-Jen Catholic University (J.-J.W.), Taipei 248, Taiwan, Republic of China

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Feng-Yee Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China. E-mail: fychang{at}ndmctsgh.edu.tw.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Context: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and capsular serotypes K1 and K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae have been identified as risk factors for liver abscess and complicated endophthalmitis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether poor glycemic control contributes to the development of capsular serotype K1 or K2 K. pneumoniae liver abscess.

Design and Setting: Neutrophil phagocytosis in patients with type 2 DM and nondiabetic controls was compared with isolates from liver abscess. Phagocytic rates of 18 K1/K2 and nine non-K1/K2 K. pneumoniae strains were evaluated by flow cytometry and electron microscopy.

Patients or Study Participants: Forty patients with type 2 diabetes, 14 with good glycemic control, 26 with poor glycemic control, and 13 age-matched healthy normal subjects, were studied.

Main Outcome Measures: Phagocytic rate of K. pneumoniae was measured.

Results: Phagocytosis of serotype K1/K2 isolates by neutrophils from diabetics was significantly less than normal controls (P < 0.01). Further analysis revealed that, in type 2 DM patients with poor glycemic control, phagocytosis of K1/K2 was remarkably impaired at 10 min (25.2 ± 1.7 vs. 42.4 ± 1.8%) and persisted until 60 min (51 ± 1.2 vs. 59.4 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01), but in type 2 DM patients with good glycemic control were similar at 10 min (38.2 ± 1.7% vs. 42.4 ± 1.8%) and at 60 min (57 ± 0.3% vs. 59.4 ± 1.4%; P = 0.2). No significant difference in the phagocytosis of non-K1/K2 K. pneumoniae among all subjects was observed.

Conclusions: Poor glycemic control plays a role in impairing neutrophil phagocytosis of K1/K2 K. pneumoniae, but does not significantly affect the phagocytosis of non-K1/K2 K. pneumoniae. This study identifies poor glycemic control as a risk factor for susceptibility to serotype K1/K2 K. pneumoniae liver abscess and complicated endophthalmitis.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE HAS been identified as the predominant bacteria responsible for pyogenic liver abscess worldwide (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The capsular serotypes K1 and K2 are most prevalent in liver abscess and metastatic infections, including endophthalmitis (2). Although magA gene has recently been found as the cause behind K. pneumoniae liver abscess and septic metastatic complications (6), its association appears to be restricted for serotype K1 K. pneumoniae (7). It is generally accepted that magA is part of the gene cluster for serotype K1 capsular formation. Apart from the bacterial factor, the incidence of K. pneumoniae liver abscess has been documented to be frequently associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (2, 3, 8, 9). Seventy-five percent of patients with K. pneumoniae liver abscess and 93% of those with complications of septic endophthalmitis have underlying type 2 DM (2, 4). To our knowledge, the relationship between type 2 DM and liver abscess has yet to be delineated.

Neutrophils are involved in the innate immunity against bacterial infection. Impaired neutrophil activity in type 2 DM is partly responsible for the increased susceptibility to infection (10). Previous studies showed that patients with liver abscess and endophthalmitis had unrecognized DM (9, 11). However, whether susceptibility to serotypes K1/K2 K. pneumoniae infection is due to impaired neutrophil phagocytosis in patients with poor glycemic control remains unclear. This study compared neutrophil phagocytosis of serotypes K1/K2 and non-K1/K2 K. pneumoniae among type 2 DM patients with either good or poor glycemic control with healthy subjects.

	Subjects and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Subjects

Forty patients with type 2 DM and 13 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Type 2 DM diabetics with fasting blood glucose level above 130 mg/dl, 2-h postprandial blood glucose above 180 mg/dl, or hemoglobin A1c above 7% under control with oral hypoglycemic agents as definition of American Diabetes Association (12) were classified as those with poor glycemic control. Diabetics that met any one of the criteria of poor glycemic control were selected for this study. In contrast, diabetics with physiological indicators below the respective criterion stated above were classified as those with good glycemic control. The good glycemic control group consisted of seven men and seven women. Their mean age was 61 ± 14 yr. The mean fasting blood glucose was 117 ± 10 mg/dl, and hemoglobin A1c was 6.6 ± 0.3%. The poor glycemic control group consisted of 16 men and 10 women. Their mean age was 63 ± 15 yr. The mean fasting blood glucose was 229 ± 31 mg/dl, and hemoglobin A1c was 10.2 ± 2.3%. Thirteen normal healthy subjects with a mean age of 62.7 ± 4.7 yr constituted the normal control group. The body mass indexes of subjects with good glycemic control, poor glycemic control, and the healthy nondiabetics were 21.3 ± 2.2, 23.4 ± 2.5, and 22.7 ± 2.4 kg/m², respectively. All the participants had no evidence of infection 4 wk before this study. This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in our institutes, and informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

Isolation of human neutrophil and preparation of pooled serum

Neutrophils from normal healthy subjects and type 2 DM patients were separated as previously described (13). Viability was over 95% as determined by trypan blue exclusion.

Pooled normal human sera from 13 healthy volunteers and pooled type 2 DM sera from 14 good and 26 poor glycemic control patients were prepared, respectively. Pooled serum was obtained and stored in aliquots at –70 C until required

Collection of K. pneumoniae with different serotypes and sites of infection

K. pneumoniae strains including 18 K1/K2 and nine non-K1/K2 isolates were obtained from liver abscess patients with and without the complication of endophthalmitis and from nonliver abscess of nondiabetic subjects (2, 14, 15). One isolate of K3, K6, K16, K28, K36, K38, and K54 was obtained, except K55, where two isolates were obtained. The diabetics contributed nine strains of K1, three strains of K2, and seven strains of non-K1/K2, whereas the nondiabetics contributed four strains of K1, two strains of K2, and two strains of non-K1/K2. Five strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from patients with endophthalmitis.

Phagocytosis measurement

Fluorescence (fluorescein isothiocyanate) labeling of 2 x 10⁸ cells per milliliter in PBS was performed as previously described (13) and stored at –70 C before use.

Phagocytosis was measured using a standard assay (13). A FACScan (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA) was used to measure phagocytic rate. Percentages of phagocytosis were counted at 2, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min. A non-fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled tube served as 0-min control. The experimental procedures and FACS settings were followed as previously (16).

Electron microscopic evaluation of phagocytosis

Purified neutrophils were mixed with live bacteria for 60 min under the conditions described above for flow cytometry. Details of experimental procedures were described previously (16). Ultra-thin sections were stained and examined by transmission electron microscopy (JEM 1230; JEOL, Peabody, MA) using standard operation conditions (17).

Statistical analysis

One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to compare the differences of phagocytosis rates from time 0–60 min between groups. Student’s t test was used to assess the differences in the phagocytosis rates at time 60 min between the groups. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between blood glucose level and phagocytic uptake rate. P values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Effect of type 2 DM on neutrophil phagocytosis of K. pneumoniae serotypes K1/K2 and non-K1/K2

To differentiate between diabetic and capsular effects, K. pneumoniae were grouped into serotypes K1/K2 and non-K1/K2, to compare phagocytic rate between healthy subjects and type 2 DM patients (Fig. 1A). For non-K1/K2 isolates, no significant difference of phagocytic rate at 60 min (66.15 ± 1.9 and 63.1 ± 1.4%; P = 0.32) was observed between healthy subjects and type 2 DM patients. In contrast, a significant decreased phagocytic rate at 60 min (46 ± 1.1 and 56.1 ± 1.8%; P < 0.01) for serotype K1/K2 isolates was observed, respectively, from type 2 DM patients and healthy subjects (Fig. 1A).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Comparisons of neutrophil phagocytosis of serotypes K1/K2 and non-K1/K2 isolates between patients with type 2 DM and normal healthy controls (A). Neutrophil phagocytosis among type 2 DM patients with poor glycemic control and good glycemic control and normal healthy controls against serotypes non-K1/K2 K. pneumoniae (B) and serotypes K1/K2 K. pneumoniae (C).

To ascertain the type 2 DM effect on impaired phagocytosis, patients with type 2 DM were further divided into good glycemic control and poor glycemic control groups. Non-K1/K2 isolates were all highly susceptible to neutrophil phagocytosis in healthy, good, and poor glycemic control groups at 60 min with phagocytic uptake rate of 66.1 ± 1.9, 63.1 ± 1.8, and 63.2 ± 2.5%, respectively. No significant difference in phagocytic rate of non-K1/K2 was observed in all samples (Fig 1B). In contrast, there was a significant impairment of phagocytosis for poor glycemic control groups against serotypes K1/K2 strains at 10 min (25.2 ± 1.7 vs. 38.2 ± 1.7 and 42.4 ± 1.8%) and persisted until 60 min (51 ± 1.2 vs. 57 ± 0.3 and 59.4 ± 1.4%, P < 0.01) in comparing to good glycemic control and healthy control group, respectively (Fig. 1C). The neutrophil phagocytic rate was inversely correlated to the fasting blood glucose level of serotype K1/K2 (R = –0.32228, P < 0.01), whereas there was no correlation between phagocytic rate and glycemic control (R = –0.05178, P = 0.6359) of non-K1/K2 serotypes. A similar correlation was also observed when hemoglobin A1c instead of fasting blood glucose level was compared with neutrophil phagocytic rate (data not shown). Although the phagocytic activity appears to be less efficient in the good glycemic control group compared with the healthy individuals, the data were not statistically significant.

Electron microscopic results

Viable K. pneumoniae serotype K1 and K6 isolates were further selected to assess neutrophil phagocytosis. For serotype K1, the phagocytosed bacteria in the neutrophils from type 2 DM patients with poor glycemic control were less than those of good glycemic control and normal healthy controls. In poor glycemic control neutrophils, phagocytosed serotype K1 still maintained an intact cell structure and capsule in a vacuole without evidence of intracellular lysis 60 min after uptake (Fig. 2C). In good glycemic control neutrophils, phagocytosis and partial intracellular lysis of serotype K1 was comparable to the normal healthy controls (Fig. 2, A and B). For serotype K6, cell wall rupture and complete lysis in larger vacuoles within the neutrophil was observed. The phagocytosed numbers and intracellular lysis of serotype K6 were not significantly different among the three groups of subjects (Fig. 2, D–F).

View larger version (149K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Evaluation of serotype K1 and non-K1 (K6) that were phagocytosed for 60 min with neutrophil from normal healthy controls and good and poor glycemic control type 2 DM patients by transmission electron microscope. A–C show serotype K1 phagocytosed by neutrophil of normal healthy controls and good and poor glycemic control type 2 DM patients (bar, 1 µm). D–F show serotype K6 phagocytosed by neutrophil of normal healthy controls and good and poor glycemic control type 2 DM patients. Intracellular lysis in vacuoles was shown in K6. NHS, Normal healthy subjects.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

Cases with complicated endophthalmitis or meningitis in unrecognized DM have been documented frequently (2, 3, 8, 9). Poor glycemic control of these patients was of concern in the development of the complication. Further analysis showed that type 2 DM with good glycemic control did not show a significant reduction of phagocytosis against K1/K2 K. pneumoniae. In contrast, poor glycemic control markedly reduced phagocytosis of virulent K1/K2 K. pneumoniae. For non-K1/K2 K. pneumoniae, there was no significant difference in neutrophil phagocytosis among good and poor glycemic control type 2 DM patients and normal healthy controls. As the age of the patients increased, phagocytosis of K1/K2 K. pneumoniae decreased further in poor glycemic control subjects but not in good glycemic control type 2 DM patients (data not shown). The results further support the notion that poor glycemic control plays a role in K1/K2 liver abscess. Thus, strict metabolic control may improve the phagocytic function of neutrophils to virulent strains of K. pneumoniae. Improving neutrophil function by way of blood glucose control will reduce the incidence of infection and improve response to antibiotic therapy (18). Impaired neutrophil bactericidal function was strongly associated with poor glycemic control and improved positively with good glycemic control (19, 20). Our study disclosed that good glycemic control improved neutrophil phagocytosis of serotypes K1/K2 K. pneumoniae implicating this factor as a prevention of complication.

In summary, type 2 DM with poor glycemic control was a factor in the phagocytic-resistance of K1/K2 K. pneumoniae. Strict metabolic control may improve the neutrophil phagocytosis of K1/K2 K. pneumoniae in patients with type 2 DM and may also prevent the development of serious metastatic complication.

	Footnotes

 
This work was supported by grants from National Science Council (NSC 92-2314-B-016-026) and National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.

First Published Online May 23, 2006

¹ J.-C.L. and L.K.S. contributed equally.

Abbreviation: DM, Diabetes mellitus.

Received December 16, 2005.

Accepted May 11, 2006.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. De La Maza LM, Naceim F, Berman LD 1974 The changing etiology of liver abscess. Further observations. JAMA 227:161–163[CrossRef][Medline]
2. Fung CP, Chang FY, Lee SC, Hu BS, Kuo BI, Liu CY, Ho M, Siu LK 2002 A global emerging disease of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: is serotype K1 an important factor for complicated endophthalmitis? Gut 50:420–424[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Lederman ER, Crum NF 2005 Pyogenic liver abscess with a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen: an emerging disease with unique clinical characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol 100:322–331[CrossRef][Medline]
4. Rahimian J, Wilson T, Oram V, Holzman RS 2004 Pyogenic liver abscess: recent trends in etiology and mortality. Clin Infect Dis 39:1654–1659[CrossRef][Medline]
5. Yeoh KG, Yap I, Wong ST, Wee A, Guan R, Kang JY 1997 Tropical liver abscess. Postgrad Med J 73:89–92[Abstract]
6. Fang CT, Chuang YP, Shun CT, Chang SC, Wang JT 2004 A novel virulence gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing primary liver abscess and septic metastatic complications. J Exp Med 199:697–705[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Struve C, Bojer M, Nielsen EM, Hansen DS, Krogfelt KA 2005 Investigation of the putative virulence gene magA in a worldwide collection of 495 Klebsiella isolates: magA is restricted to the gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule serotype K1. J Med Microbiol 54(Pt 11):1111–1113
8. Ayinala SR, Vulpe M, Azaz M, Cohen H, Donelson SS, Lee M 2001 Pyogenic liver abscesses due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in a diabetic patient. J Miss State Med Assoc 42:67–70[Medline]
9. Saccente M 1999 Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess, endophthalmitis, and meningitis in a man with newly recognized diabetes mellitus. Clin Infect Dis 29:1570–1571[CrossRef][Medline]
10. Delamaire M, Maugendre D, Moreno M, Le Goff MC, Allannic H, Genetet B 1997 Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients. Diabet Med 14:29–34[Medline]
11. Casanova C, Lorente JA, Carrillo F, Perez-Rodriguez E, Nunez N 1989 Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess associated with septic endophthalmitis. Arch Intern Med 149: 1467
12. American Diabetes Association 2003 Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26(Suppl 1):S33–S50
13. Heinzelmann M, Gardner SA, Mercer-Jones M, Roll AJ, Polk Jr HC 1999 Quantification of phagocytosis in human neutrophils by flow cytometry. Microbiol Immunol 43:505–512[Medline]
14. Fung CP, Hu BS, Chang FY, Lee SC, Kuo BI, Ho M, Siu LK, Liu CY 2000 A 5-year study of the seroepidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae: high prevalence of capsular serotype K1 in Taiwan and implication for vaccine efficacy. J Infect Dis 181:2075–2079[CrossRef][Medline]
15. Tsay RW, Siu LK, Fung CP, Chang FY 2002 Characteristics of bacteremia between community-acquired and nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: risk factor for mortality and the impact of capsular serotypes as a herald for community-acquired infection. Arch Intern Med 162:1021–1027[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Lin JC, Chang FY, Fung CP, Xu JZ, Cheng HP, Wang JJ, Huang LY, Siu LK 2004 High prevalence of phagocytic-resistant capsular serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae in liver abscess. Microbes Infect 6:1191–1198[CrossRef][Medline]
17. Wang JJ, Lu Y, Ratner L 1994 Particle assembly and Vpr expression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. J Gen Virol 75(Pt 10):2607–2614
18. Memmel H, Kowal-Vern A, Latenser BA 2004 Infections in diabetic burn patients. Diabetes Care 27:229–233[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19. Gallacher SJ, Thomson G, Fraser WD, Fisher BM, Gemmell CG, MacCuish AC 1995 Neutrophil bactericidal function in diabetes mellitus: evidence for association with blood glucose control. Diabet Med 12:916–920[Medline]
20. Rassias AJ, Marrin CA, Arruda J, Whalen PK, Beach M, Yeager MP 1999 Insulin infusion improves neutrophil function in diabetic cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg 88:1011–1016[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. J. Wiskur, J. J. Hunt, and M. C. Callegan Hypermucoviscosity as a Virulence Factor in Experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae Endophthalmitis Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2008; 49(11): 4931 - 4938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I BOHM, U SPECK, and H SCHILD Cell-dependent influence on the phagocytosis induced by non-ionic contrast medium injection Br. J. Radiol., March 1, 2008; 81(963): 199 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 91/8/3084    most recent Author Manuscript (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lin, J.-C. Articles by Chang, F.-Y. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lin, J.-C. Articles by Chang, F.-Y. Related Collections Diabetes and Insulin