This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Turton, J. P. G. Articles by Dattani, M. T. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Turton, J. P. G. Articles by Dattani, M. T. Related Collections Neuroendocrinology and Pituitary Pediatric Endocrinology

Novel Mutations within the POU1F1 Gene Associated with Variable Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency

Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit and London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology (J.P.G.T., A.M., K.S.W., M.T.D.), Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Unite Mixte de Recherche 6544 (R.R., A.S., T.B.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite de la Mediterranee, Institut Federatif de Recherche Jean-Roche, Faculte de Medecine Nord, 13926 Marseille, France; St. Luke’s Hospital (J.T., S.A.-M., R.P., C.V.), Department of Paediatrics, Guardamangia MSD09, Malta; National Endocrinological Research Centre (A.T.), Paediatric Unit, 117063 Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Endocrinology (V.Z., J.H.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital (P.E.C.), Pendlebury, Manchester M27 1HA, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (S.S.), Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom; and Royal Gwent Hospital (J.B.), Newport NP18 3XQ, United Kingdom

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Mehul Dattani, Reader and Honorary Consultant in Pediatric Endocrinology, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom. E-mail: mdattani{at}ich.ucl.ac.uk.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Context: Mutations within the gene encoding the pituitary-specific transcription factor POU1F1 are associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). Most of the affected individuals manifest GH, prolactin, and TSH deficiency.

Objective: We have now screened 129 individuals with CPHD and isolated GH deficiency for mutations within POU1F1.

Results: Causative mutations were identified in 10 of 129 individuals (7.8%). Of these, five patients harbored the dominant negative R271W mutation, which is a well-recognized mutational hot spot. We have also identified a second frequently occurring mutation, E230K, which appears to be common in Maltese patients. Additionally, we describe two novel mutations within POU1F1, an insertion of a single base pair (ins778A) and a missense mutation (R172Q). Functional studies have revealed that POU1F1 (E230K) is associated with a reduction in transactivation, although DNA-binding affinity is similar to the wild-type protein. On the other hand, POU1F1 (R172Q) is associated with a reduction in DNA binding and transactivation, whereas POU1F1 (ins778A) is associated with loss of DNA binding and a reduction in transactivation.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that the phenotype associated with POU1F1 mutations may be more variable, with the occasional preservation of TSH secretion. Additionally, our data revealed POU1F1 mutations in three patients who were diagnosed as having ACTH deficiency but who, on further evaluation, were found to have normal cortisol secretion. Hence, elucidation of the genotype led to further evaluation of the phenotype, with the cessation of cortisol replacement that had been commenced unnecessarily. These data reflect the importance of mutational analysis in patients with CPHD.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF the anterior pituitary in both the rodent and humans is critically dependent upon the precise spatial and temporal expression and interaction of signaling molecules in combination with a cascade of transcriptional factors, e.g. Hesx1, Lhx3, Lhx4, Prop1, and Pit-1 (1).

Pit-1 (murine ortholog of human POU1F1) was the first pituitary-specific transcription factor to be identified in the human and mouse. It belongs to the POU family of transcription factors, and its expression is restricted to the anterior pituitary lobe (2). It regulates the expression of a number of target genes by binding to multiple sites on these targets (3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Pit-1 is a 291-amino-acid protein that contains three domains: an N-terminal transcriptional activation domain, a POU-specific domain (POU-S), and a POU-homeodomain (POU-H). The POU-S and POU-H are required for high-affinity DNA binding. The POU-S contains four -helices, and the POU-H contains three -helices.

Pit-1 is not only essential for cell-specific gene expression and regulation but is also essential for the development of certain anterior pituitary cells, namely somatotrophs, lactotrophs, and thyrotrophs (8). Thyrotrophs arise from two independent cell populations in mice. The first population appears on embryonic d 12 in the rostral tip of the developing anterior pituitary and is Pit-1 independent and transient, disappearing from birth. The second population is Pit-1 dependent and arises in the caudomedial region of the developing pituitary on embryonic d 15.5.

Two naturally occurring mouse models shed light on the role of Pit-1 in pituitary development. A naturally occurring point mutation within the Pit-1 gene (W261C) is responsible for the phenotype associated with the Snell dwarf mouse (9). The phenotype is characterized by anterior pituitary hypoplasia and deficiencies of GH, prolactin (PRL), and TSH, with a low level of Pit-1 gene expression. The Jackson dwarf mouse has a similar phenotype, but with no Pit-1 expression, and is a result of either an inversion or insertion of a greater than 4-kB segment of DNA disrupting the Pit-1 gene completely.

In humans, mutations within POU1F1 were first described in 1992 by four independent groups (10, 11, 12, 13) and are associated with GH, PRL, and TSH deficiency, with variable pituitary hypoplasia. Deficiencies of GH and PRL are generally complete, but the TSH deficiency is more variable. In the majority of patients, hypothyroidism is early and profound, necessitating the early use of T₄. In a smaller proportion of cases, hypothyroidism is a later event, occurring between the ages of 9 and 15 yr (14). TSH deficiency has always been a feature in children with POU1F1 mutations (15, 16). A total of 21 different mutations (five dominant, 16 recessive) have been described to date (Fig. 1). Of these, the dominant R271W mutation is by far the most frequent, having been identified in 14 of 46 patients from a variety of ethnic backgrounds (10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23). This mutation lies at the carboxy terminus of the homeodomain, and the substitution of tryptophan for arginine leads to a reduction in the positive charge in a basic amino acid region. The mutant R271W protein binds to DNA and acts as a dominant inhibitor of transcriptional activation by the wild-type protein (13). The only other mutations reported in more than one pedigree are the recessively inherited R172X (three pedigrees) (11, 24, 25), A158P (two pedigrees) (12), and P239S (three pedigrees) (26) mutations in the POU-S and POU-H of POU1F1.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Mutations to date within the POU1F1 gene. To date, 21 mutations and one complete deletion have been described in the POU1F1 gene. Of these, five are dominant (denoted by *). POU-S is patterned with horizontal stripes, and POU-H is patterned with diagonal stripes.

	Patients and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Patients

Patients with various hypothalamo-pituitary disorders were recruited into the study from both national and international pediatric and adult endocrinology centers. A total of 129 probands (male:female, 1.9:1) were screened for mutations within the POU1F1 gene. The vast majority of patients screened had sporadic CPHD, although the cohort included 24 familial cases belonging to 17 unrelated families. Given the variable phenotype such as late-onset central hypothyroidism in some patients with POU1F1 mutations, those screened included patients with both CPHD and IGHD.

Fifty-seven patients were referred to the London Centre for Pediatric Endocrinology based at Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital and the University College London Hospitals. Ethical committee approval was obtained from the Institute of Child Health/Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital Research and Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained before collection of samples and genomic analysis from the parents and, where applicable, the patients. Probands were also recruited from various other national (n = 24) and international (n = 48) endocrine centers from nine different countries. These samples were sent for screening for mutations in pituitary development genes in general, or in some cases, POU1F1 specifically. Full informed consent was obtained from parents and patients as appropriate.

Clinical evaluation

Retrospective clinical details obtained from patients included birth details, perinatal complications, history of consanguinity, family history, and parental heights. Pituitary function was assessed using standard dynamic tests (28). Hormonal assays were performed using several commercial RIA kits, and normal values for each center were taken into account. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5 Tesla Siemens Magnetom Symphony, Bracknell, UK) included T1 and T2 weighted high-resolution pituitary imaging through the hypothalamo-pituitary axis (T1 sagittal 3-mm slices, T1 and T2 coronal 3-mm slices). Details noted included the size of the anterior pituitary, position of the posterior pituitary signal, presence and morphology of the optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary stalk, septum pellucidum, and corpus callosum.

Genomic and mutation/single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the POU1F1 gene

Genomic analysis was conducted by initial amplification of POU1F1 exons using previously described primers (10) and analyzed by single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis (28). The g515a/R172Q mutation was confirmed by amplification-created restriction site, whereas the g688a/E230K was confirmed by restriction by EarI enzyme. The two intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (IVS5-5nts ga and IVS5-6nts ct) could be detected by a combination of two restriction digests. AciI and Cac8I cut the wild-type alleles; the AciI site is ablated by both mutations whereas the Cac8I site is only ablated by the IVS5-5a allele. Therefore, by using both of these digests, it was possible to screen for the putative polymorphisms in patients and control subjects.

Plasmids

Wild-type human POU1F1 cDNA was inserted into the effector plasmid pcDNA3. The various reporter constructs that contained Pit-1 binding sites within the context of different gene-regulatory regions were fused to a firefly luciferase gene. We used a PRL reporter construct from the proximal promoter regions of the human PRL gene –250 (134 bp; PRL 250) containing three Pit-1 binding sites (gift of J. A. Martial, Liege, Belgium). The proximal promoter of the human GH gene (Pa3-Ghp-Luc) contained two Pit-1 response elements (gift of N. L. Eberhardt, Rochester, MN). A reporter construct containing the positive autoregulatory site of the human POU1F1 promoter gene was also used (gift of M. Delhase, San Diego, CA).

Site-directed mutagenesis

In vitro site-directed mutagenesis was achieved using the QuickChange kit (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and using mutagenetic primers as follows: sense, CAG TCA AAC AAC AAT CTG CCA ATT TGA AAA TCT CGA GC; antisense, GCT CGA GAT TTT CAA ATT GGC AGA TTG TTG TTT GAC TG(R172Q); sense, CTG CTA AAG ATG CTC TGA AGA GAC ACT TTG GAG AAC; antisense, GTT CTC CAA AGT GTC TCT TCA GAG CAT CTT TAG CAG (E230K); sense, TGG AGA AAG AAG TAG TAA GAAGTT TGG TTT TGC AAC CGG; antisense, CCG GTT GCA AAA CCA AAC TTC TTA CTA CTT CTT TCT CCA (Ins778A). Bold type represents mutated residues. Introduction of mutation was confirmed by direct sequencing.

Cotransfection in eukaryotic cells

Briefly, HeLa cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, ampicillin, and amphotericin B and grown to 80% confluence in six-well plates. Transfection of 0.6 µg per well of reporter (PRL-250, GH, or POU1F1 promoter) and 0.6 µg per well effector (empty vector or wild-type or mutant POU1F1) constructs was achieved using the liposome technique (Polyfect transfection reagent; QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Total DNA was kept constant with pcDNA3 empty vector, which also acted as a control. Transfection efficiency was determined using 0.1 µg pCMVß-gal (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, CA), and luciferase values were normalized to it. Cells were harvested 48 h after transfection for luciferase assays. Transfections were performed in triplicate within a single experiment, and experiments were repeated three times.

EMSA analysis

EMSAs were performed with recombinant POU1F1 proteins synthesized by TNT-coupled transcription-translation reticulocyte lysate system, according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Promega Corp., Madison, WI). Efficiency of synthesis of each protein was determined by incorporation of [³⁵S]Met (10 mCi/ml; Perkin-Elmer, Boston, MA) and assayed by autoradiograph. POU1F1 binding was tested using a high-affinity POU1F1 DNA binding site from the human PRL gene (PRL-P1), 5'-AATGCCTGAATCAT, TATATTCATGAAGATATC-3', labeled with ³²P and binding specificity confirmed by addition of excess unlabeled oligonucleotide. Supershifts were achieved using a POU1F1 monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Patient details

Of the 129 probands, CPHD was documented in 80 patients and isolated pituitary hormone deficiencies (GH, n = 48; TSH deficiency, n = 1) in the remaining 49 patients. Detailed endocrine phenotype was available in all of the 80 CPHD patients (Table 1). Results of the MR scans were available in 29 of 48 patients with IGHD and in 55 of 80 patients with CPHD. Details regarding the structural abnormalities of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis on neuroimaging in the probands are shown in Table 2.

Genomic screening of the coding regions of POUIF1 yielded causative mutations in 10 of 129 screened (7.8%) (Fig. 2) and two probable novel intronic polymorphisms. Sequence changes were analyzed using a splice site-predicting program GrailEXP to ascertain potential changes in exon definition.

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Mutations identified in a cohort of hypopituitary patients. A, Electropherogram showing the heterozygous g515a/R172Q mutation in patients 1.I and 1.II. B, Hinf1 restriction digest of an amplification-created restriction site product confirming heterozygosity for the g515a/R172Q mutation in patients 1.I and 1.II. Wild-type DNA yielded 256- and 118-bp products, whereas heterozygotes yielded 256-, 226-, 118-, and 30-bp products, although the latter could not be visualized on the gel. The heterozygous mutation was inherited from the unaffected father. C, Electropherogram showing the heterozygous g688a/E230K mutation in patients 1.I and 1.II. Top, Control subject; middle, heterozygous change; bottom, homozygous for mutation. D, EarI restriction digest confirming heterozygosity for g688a/E230K mutation in patients 1.I and 1.II. Restriction assay of exon 6 PCR product yielded bands of 333, 224, and 109 bp in the heterozygous mutant and a single undigested band of 333 bp in the wild type. The heterozygous mutation was inherited from the unaffected mother. E, EarI restriction digest confirming homozygosity for g688a/E230K mutation in patient 3. The homozygous mutation led to two bands of 224 and 109 bp as compared with a single band of 333 bp in the wild type and three bands (333, 224, and 109 bp) in the heterozygous parents. F, Electropherogram showing the heterozygous c811t (reverse complement sequence) change in exon 6 of POU1F1, leading to the R271W substitution in patient 4. Top, Wild-type sequence; bottom, heterozygous c811t mutation. G, Electropherogram showing heterozygous insertion of an A residue at position 778. Top, Wild-type sequence; bottom, heterozygous insA778 mutation.

Ten patients (M:F 1:1) from seven pedigrees were identified to have mutations within POU1F1 (Tables 3 and 4; Figs. 2 and 3). Patients 1.I and 1.II, siblings born to Maltese parents, were found to be compound heterozygotes for two missense mutations: a novel g515a change within exon 4 that results in the substitution of arginine by glutamine (R172Q) in the POU-S (Fig. 2, A and B) and a g688a change within exon 6 resulting in the substitution of a glutamate residue by lysine at position 230 (E230K) in the first -helix of the POU-H (Fig. 2, C and D) that has previously been described in the homozygous state in two siblings from a consanguineous Israeli-Arab pedigree (29). Patients 2 and 3 (born to second-degree consanguineous parents), also of Maltese origin, were homozygous for the E230K substitution (Fig. 2E), whereas patients 4, 5.II and her daughter 5.I, and 6.II and her son 6.I were all found to harbor the heterozygous c811t point mutation in exon 6 resulting in the substitution of a highly conserved arginine residue by tryptophan in the homeodomain (R271W) (Fig. 2F). This mutation represents a known mutational hot spot and is believed to act as a dominant negative mutation (13), although this has been disputed in a recent publication (30). Mutational analysis of POU1F1 in patient 7 revealed compound heterozygosity for two mutations: E230K and a novel insertion of an adenine at position 778 (ins778A) in exon 6 of the gene (Fig. 2G). The ins778A would be predicted to result in a frameshift with a truncated protein of 284 amino acids instead of the 291-amino-acid wild-type protein.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Novel mutations within POU1F1 identified in this study. A, Cross-species amino acid sequence Clustal alignment of distal end of PIT1/POU1F1 protein. Bars represent distal end of POU-S and POU-H, in black and gray hatching, respectively. Arrowheads indicate positions of R172Q, E230K, and R271W mutations. Note the total conservation of these residues. B, Clustal alignment of wild-type POU1F1 (accession number NP_000297) and predicted amino acid sequence resulting from the ins778a mutation. Bar represents third -helix of the POU-H.

With the exception of patient 2, all of the affected patients manifested profound GH, TSH, and PRL deficiency (Table 3). Patient 2, who is now aged 20.5 yr, was found to have a free T₄ that has remained within the normal range [1.16 ng/dl (15pmol/liter)] off T₄ treatment. Although the serum cortisol concentration was normal in patient 3, he was empirically commenced on hydrocortisone treatment when he presented with symptoms of fatigue at the age of 13.1 yr. He underwent spontaneous puberty, and after the identification of a mutation within POU1F1, he has been successfully weaned off hydrocortisone replacement.

Patient 4 presented at the age of 6 months with short stature, a poor growth velocity, and bilaterally undescended testes. Investigations performed at that stage revealed central hypothyroidism. He was commenced on T₄ treatment but continued to demonstrate poor growth with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia. Full investigation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis at the age of 2 yr confirmed CPHD with borderline hypocortisolemia [basal, 12.1 µg/dl (334 nmol/liter); peak, 15.4 µg/dl (425 nmol/liter)] and severe GH and PRL deficiencies. Treatment with recombinant human GH was commenced at the age of 2 yr, and hydrocortisone replacement was commenced at the age of 6.5 yr in view of symptoms of fatigue in conjunction with the previously documented borderline cortisol insufficiency. In view of the undescended testes, it was assumed that the patient was gonadotropin deficient, and puberty was induced at 11 yr of age with depot testosterone treatment, resulting in a final height of –3.2 SD. After the identification of a mutation within POU1F1, and given that mutations within this gene are not associated with ACTH and gonadotropin deficiencies, he was reinvestigated off all replacement treatment at the end of his statural growth. This reconfirmed GH [peak GH, <0.1 ng/ml (<0.3 mU/liter)], PRL [0.8 ng/ml (16 mU/liter)], and TSH [basal TSH, 0.8 µU/ml (0.8 mU/liter); peak, 1.2 µU/ml (1.2 mU/liter); free T₄, 0.4 ng/dl (5.2 pmol/liter)] deficiencies. He mounted a satisfactory serum cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia [22.6 µg/dl (624 nmol/liter)], and his gonadotropin response to LHRH was also satisfactory [LH, 15.1 mU/ml (15.1U/liter); FSH, 5.8 mU/ml [5.8 U/liter)] with a serum testosterone concentration of 4.3 ng/ml (15 nmol/liter). Hence, as with patient 3, evaluation of his genotype with confirmation of a mutation within POU1F1 led to a revision of his endocrine phenotype, with subsequent cessation of hydrocortisone and testosterone replacement.

Patient 5.II presented with early growth failure and was confirmed to have GH deficiency. Despite GH replacement treatment, poor growth persisted, and additional tests confirmed secondary hypothyroidism and an absent TSH response to TRH stimulation. She was commenced on T₄ replacement at the age of 5 yr. She demonstrated a partial cortisol response to metyrapone at 11 yr of age that resulted in substitution with cortisone acetate treatment. Spontaneous menarche was achieved at 13 yr of age, and she has reached a final height of –3.7 SD. Neuroimaging showed a small pituitary gland and a normal infundibulum. She has since undergone full dynamic pituitary testing as an adult, off all replacement treatment. This has confirmed GH (peak GH, 0.3 ng/ml (0.9 mU/liter)] and TSH [TSH, 1 µU/ml (1 mU/liter); total T₄, <1.5 ng/dl (19.4 pmol/liter)] deficiencies but with normal cortisol secretion. PRL deficiency (serum concentration, 6.2 ng/ml (124 mU/liter), absent response to TRH stimulation) was diagnosed because of failure of lactation. Cortisol replacement has subsequently been stopped.

Of eight patients in whom MRI scans have been performed, seven had a hypoplastic anterior pituitary (Fig. 4), although one patient had a normal anterior pituitary (Table 4). There were no abnormalities of the infundibulum and posterior pituitary.

View larger version (158K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Sagittal MRI scan in patient 1.I. The scan shows hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland with a normal posterior pituitary and infundibulum.

Two novel heterozygous intronic changes were identified within POU1F1; IVS5-5nt ga and IVS5-6nt ga, both lie in a pyrimidine tract upstream of the acceptor splice site of intron 5. The former was identified in a patient with panhypopituitarism and anterior pituitary hypoplasia, an absent infundibulum, and an undescended/ectopic posterior pituitary on MRI. Additionally, the change was identified in his unaffected mother. The IVS5-6nt ga change was identified in a female with GH deficiency and an intermittently low free T₄ concentration. These sequence changes were not present in 228 Caucasian control alleles and are likely to represent rare polymorphisms, although one cannot exclude possible splicing defects.

Functional studies of POUIFI (E230K), POU1F1 (ins778A), and POU1F1 (R172Q)

Transient transfection assays using POU-binding sites in the GH-1, PRL, and POU1F1 promoters showed reduced transactivation by all three mutant proteins, and this was most pronounced on the PRL promoter. POU1F1 (E230K) was associated with less severe impairment of transactivation as compared with POU1F1 (R172Q) and POU1F1 (Ins778A) (Fig. 5A). EMSA revealed that POU1F1 (E230K) had a similar binding affinity to the wild-type protein, whereas that of POU1F1 (R172Q) was greatly reduced (Fig. 5B). POU1F1 (ins778A) would be predicted to lack the terminal 33 amino acid residues of the third -helix of the POU-H, and in keeping with this, the mutant protein led to complete loss of DNA binding (Fig. 5B). All three mutant proteins were equally expressed in ³⁵S in vitro translation studies (Fig. 5C).

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Functional analyses of POU1F1 mutants E230K, R172Q, and Ins 778A. A, Transient transfection assays. Wild-type or mutant POU1F1 was cotransfected with a reporter construct (GH-Luc reporter, black bars; Pit1-Luc, gray bars; PRL-Luc, white bars). B, EMSA was performed with POU1F1 recombinant proteins and 32P-labeled DNA fragments. POU1F1 and mutant proteins (Protein) were tested at a high-affinity POU1F1 DNA binding site from the human PRL gene (PRL-P1) (5'-AATGCCTGAATCAT, TATATTCATGAAGATATC-3') labeled with 32P (Probe). The POU1F1 complexes were supershifted with a POU1F1 monoclonal antibody (Ab). To confirm specificity, the binding was displaced by addition of the unlabeled probe in excess (Cold Probe). C, Autoradiograph of in vitro translation with [35S]methionine illustrating both wild-type and mutant proteins are translated to the same level.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

Only one mutation (patient 2) was identified in the group of patients with IGHD (n = 48), and no mutations were identified in patients with an absent or undescended posterior pituitary (n = 43) and/or stalk abnormalities (n = 45). The latter abnormalities may represent a cohort of patients with an early developmental defect in the hypothalamus, as opposed to the pituitary (32, 33, 34, 35).

Of the 10 patients in whom mutations were identified, six patients originated from three pedigrees and so would be classified as familial cases. Hence, the true incidence of POU1F1 mutations in an unselected cohort of patients with sporadic CPHD is very low (approximately 3.8%), whereas that in a carefully selected population with familial hypopituitarism is greater (25%). Our findings are consistent with those of McLennan et al. (27), although four of these patients also had optic nerve hypoplasia and an additional three had evidence of hypothalamic dysfunction. One has to bear in mind that the sensitivity of single-stranded conformational polymorphism, used as a screening technique in our studies, is of the order of approximately 80–90% (36) and so may have resulted in a small number of false negative results, although each sample was processed at two different temperatures to increase sensitivity.

Our study also confirms phenotypic variability in patients with POU1F1 mutations, mainly with respect to the onset of central hypothyroidism. Pellegrini-Bouiller et al. (14) reported a variable onset of TSH deficiency (9–15 yr) in four members of a single pedigree who had the homozygous F135C mutation within POU1F1. All of the patients with POU1F1 mutations in our study showed complete GH and PRL deficiency. Additionally, nine of 10 patients showed evidence of profound secondary hypothyroidism. Patient 2 had an identical genotype to patient 3 (E230K) but had preserved T₄ secretion at the age of 20.5 yr, unlike patient 3 who developed central hypothyroidism at the age of 1.45 yr. This, to our knowledge, is the first report of preserved T₄ secretion into the third decade in a patient with POU1F1 deficiency. Previous reports have suggested that TSH deficiency is invariably associated with mutations within POU1F1 (15, 16). Interestingly, two siblings who have previously been shown to have the homozygous E230K mutation in the POU-H presented with GH deficiency but had normal PRL secretion. Additionally, central hypothyroidism was diagnosed in one of the siblings at the age of 10 months, whereas the second sibling had normal thyroid function at the age of 4 yr (29).

Patients 3, 4, and 5.II were treated with hydrocortisone initially, given suboptimal cortisol concentrations and symptoms of fatigue and lethargy. Patient 4 was also commenced on testosterone supplementation, because he had bilaterally undescended testes. Once the results of mutational analysis were available, hydrocortisone treatment was stopped in patients 3 and 4. Testosterone was also stopped in patient 4. Hydrocortisone was stopped in patient 5.II once the results of retesting became available. These three cases illustrate the importance of careful phenotypic characterization and genetic analysis in patients with CPHD and IGHD. Given the vagaries of endocrine testing, it is important to consider the possibility of POU1F1 mutations in patients with cortisol insufficiency, particularly if the MRI scan shows isolated anterior pituitary hypoplasia or even a normal anterior pituitary (12). In contrast to patients with mutations within the homeobox gene Prophet of Pit-1 (PROP1), patients with mutations within POU1F1 do not manifest gonadotropin and cortisol deficiency. Additionally, whereas MRI scanning may reveal a small, normal, or enlarged anterior pituitary in patients with mutations within PROP1 (37, 38), the anterior pituitary is either hypoplastic or of a normal size in patients with mutations within POU1F1 (12, 18).

We identified the R271W mutation in five of 10 patients including two pedigrees where both the mother and a child (patients 5.II and 5.I and 6.II and 6.I) manifested GH, PRL, and TSH deficiency. Okamoto et al. (18) suggested that the mutation could be variably penetrant, possibly because of monoallelic expression. Our data and those of de Zegher et al. (19) do not support this hypothesis.

Our data also suggest the presence of a novel mutational hot spot within POUIF1 (E230K), with the identification of the mutation in seven individuals from five different pedigrees (this study and Ref. 29). Of these, three pedigrees originated from Malta, suggesting that a founder effect cannot be excluded. Glutamate at position 230 is highly conserved within a number of species (chicken, turkey, mouse, rat, sheep, cow, pig, salmon, and trout) and is located within the first -helix of the POU-H. The E230K mutation results in the substitution of an acidic residue by a basic residue and has been experimentally induced in murine Pit-1. Interestingly, lysine is present at this position in the homeodomain of the engrailed protein of Drosophila. Thus, the effects of lysine at this position are probably dependent on context and/or differences in specific binding site selectivity. This nonconservative substitution reduced the DNA binding to 35% of that of wild type (39). Our data are at variance with these data, because in our studies the mutation was not associated with a reduction in DNA binding, although it was associated with a reduction in transactivation, which probably represented a partial loss of function. The phenotype associated with this mutation shows considerable variability, and the partial loss of function might be associated with a milder phenotype.

We have also identified two novel polymorphisms within POU1F1. Both of these polymorphisms lie in a pyrimidine tract upstream of the acceptor splice site of intron 5. These polymorphisms were not identified in 228 Caucasian control alleles. Because the polymorphisms are present in the heterozygous state, it is highly likely that these variations reflect benign changes of no functional consequence, although a possible dominant negative effect because of aberrant splicing cannot be excluded.

To conclude, we have screened a cohort of patients with sporadic and familial IGHD/CPHD for mutations within POU1F1 and identified a number of mutations in patients with GH, TSH, and PRL deficiencies, including two novel mutations. This study describes the largest series of patients with POU1F1 mutations to date. We have also identified a novel mutational hot spot (E230K), although a founder effect cannot be excluded. The patients showed some variability in phenotype, particularly with respect to the onset of TSH deficiency. We report the presence of a POU1F1 mutation in a 21-yr-old woman who does not manifest either clinical or biochemical hypothyroidism and therefore had apparent IGHD. Finally, we suggest that the possibility of POU1F1 mutations should be considered in patients with CPHD with either a small or normal anterior pituitary in the presence of a normal posterior pituitary and infundibulum on MRI, given the vagaries of endocrine testing in children, particularly with respect to cortisol secretion (40).

	Footnotes

 
M.T.D. and A.M. are supported by a Medical Research Council Career Establishment Grant. A.M. is also supported by a grant from the Child Growth Foundation and Novo Nordisk, UK. R.R., A.S., and T.B. were funded by the Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique (GIS) Institut des Maladies Rares (GISMR0201) and the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC 2003, French Ministry of Health) within the GENHYPOPIT network for the study of genetic determinants of hypopituitarism.

First Published Online May 31, 2005

Abbreviations: CPHD, Combined pituitary hormone deficiency; IGHD, isolated GH deficiency; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; POU-H, POU-homeodomain; POU-S, POU-specific domain; PRL, prolactin.

Received March 14, 2005.

Accepted May 20, 2005.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Scully KM, Rosenfeld MG 2002 Pituitary development: regulatory codes in mammalian organogenesis. Science 295:2231–2235[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Bodner M, Castrillo JL, Theill LE, Deerinck T, Ellisman M, Karin M 1988 The pituitary-specific transcription factor GHF-1 is a homeobox-containing protein. Cell 55:505–518[CrossRef][Medline]
3. Theill LE, Castrillo JL, Wu D, Karin M 1989 Dissection of functional domains of the pituitary-specific transcription factor GHF-1. Nature 342:945–948[CrossRef][Medline]
4. Ingraham HA, Flynn SE, Voss JW, Albert VR, Kapiloff MS, Wilson L, Rosenfeld MG 1990 The POU-specific domain of Pit-1 is essential for sequence-specific, high affinity DNA binding and DNA-dependent Pit-1-Pit-1 interactions. Cell 61:1021–1033[CrossRef][Medline]
5. Holloway JM, Szeto DP, Scully KM, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG 1995 Pit-1 binding to specific DNA sites as a monomer or dimer determines gene-specific use of a tyrosine-dependent synergy domain. Genes Dev 9:1992–2006[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Nelson C, Albert VR, Elsholtz HP, Lu LI, Rosenfeld MG 1988 Activation of cell-specific expression of rat growth hormone and prolactin genes by a common transcription factor. Science 239:1400–1405[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Theill LE, Karin M 1993 Transcriptional control of GH expression and anterior pituitary development. Endocr Rev 14:670–689[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Simmons DM, Voss JW, Ingraham HA, Holloway JM, Broide RS, Rosenfeld MG, Swanson LW 1990 Pituitary cell phenotypes involve cell-specific Pit-1 mRNA translation and synergistic interactions with other classes of transcription factors. Genes Dev 4:695–711[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Li S, Crenshaw EB, Rawson EJ, Simmons DM, Swanson LW, Rosenfeld MG 1990 Dwarf locus mutants lacking three pituitary cell types result from mutations in the POU-domain gene pit-1. Nature 347:528–533[CrossRef][Medline]
10. Ohta K, Nobukuni Y, Mitsubuchi H, Fujimoto S, Matsuo N, Inagaki H, Endo F, Matsuda I 1992 Mutations in the Pit-1 gene in children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189:851–855[CrossRef][Medline]
11. Tatsumi K, Miyai K, Notomi T, Kaibe K, Amino N, Mizuno Y, Kohno H 1992 Cretinism with combined hormone deficiency caused by a mutation in the PIT1 gene. Nat Genet 1:56–58[CrossRef][Medline]
12. Pfaffle RW, DiMattia GE, Parks JS, Brown MR, Wit JM, Jansen M, Van der Nat H, Van den Brande JL, Rosenfeld MG, Ingraham HA 1992 Mutation of the POU-specific domain of Pit-1 and hypopituitarism without pituitary hypoplasia. Science 257:1118–1121[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Radovick S, Nations M, Du Y, Berg LA, Weintraub BD, Wondisford FE 1992 A mutation in the POU-homeodomain of Pit-1 responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Science 257:1115–1118[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Pellegrini-Bouiller I, Belicar P, Barlier A, Gunz G, Charvet JP, Jaquet P, Brue T, Vialettes B, Enjalbert A 1996 A new mutation of the gene encoding the transcription factor Pit-1 is responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2790–2796[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Pfaffle RW, Blankenstein O, Wuller S, Kentrup H 1999 Combined pituitary hormone deficiency: role of Pit-1 and Prop-1. Acta Paediatr Suppl 88:33–41[CrossRef]
16. Andersen B, Rosenfeld MG 2001 POU domain factors in the neuroendocrine system: lessons from developmental biology provide insights into human disease. Endocr Rev 22:2–35[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Cohen LE, Wondisford FE, Salvatoni A, Maghnie M, Brucker-Davis F, Weintraub BD, Radovick S 1995 A hot spot in the Pit-1 gene responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiency: clinical and molecular correlates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:679–684[Abstract]
18. Okamoto N, Wada Y, Ida S, Koga R, Ozono K, Chiyo H, Hayashi A, Tatsumi K 1994 Monoallelic expression of normal mRNA in the PIT1 mutation heterozygotes with normal phenotype and biallelic expression in the abnormal phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 3:1565–1568[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19. de Zegher F, Pernasetti F, Vanhole C, Devlieger H, Van den BG, Martial JA 1995 The prenatal role of thyroid hormone evidenced by fetomaternal Pit-1 deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3127–3130[Abstract]
20. Holl RW, Pfaffle R, Kim C, Sorgo W, Teller WM, Heimann G 1997 Combined pituitary deficiencies of growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin due to Pit-1 gene mutation: a case report. Eur J Pediatr 156:835–837[CrossRef][Medline]
21. Aarskog D, Eiken HG, Bjerknes R, Myking OL 1997 Pituitary dwarfism in the R271W Pit-1 gene mutation. Eur J Pediatr 156:829–834[CrossRef][Medline]
22. Rodrigues Martineli AM, Braga M, De Lacerda L, Raskin S, Graf H 1998 Description of a Brazilian patient bearing the R271W Pit-1 gene mutation. Thyroid 8:299–304[Medline]
23. Ward L, Chavez M, Huot C, Lecocq P, Collu R, Decarie JC, Martial JA, Van-Vliet G 1998 Severe congenital hypopituitarism with low prolactin levels and age-dependent anterior pituitary hypoplasia: a clue to a PIT-1 mutation. J Pediatr 132:1036–1038[CrossRef][Medline]
24. Brown MR, Parks JS, Adess ME, Rich BH, Rosenthal IM, Voss TC, VanderHeyden TC, Hurley DL 1998 Central hypothyroidism reveals compound heterozygous mutations in the Pit-1 gene. Horm Res 49:98–102[CrossRef][Medline]
25. Pfaffle RW, Martinez R, Kim C, Frisch H, Lebl J, Otten B, Heimann G 1997 GH and TSH deficiency. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 105(Suppl 4):1–5
26. Pernasetti F, Milner RD, al Ashwal AA, de Zegher F, Chavez VM, Muller M, Martial JA 1998 Pro239Ser: a novel recessive mutation of the Pit-1 gene in seven Middle Eastern children with growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2079–2083[Abstract/Free Full Text]
27. McLennan K, Jeske Y, Cotterill A, Cowley D, Penfold J, Jones T, Howard N, Thomsett M, Choong C 2003 Combined pituitary hormone deficiency in Australian children: clinical and genetic correlates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:785–794[CrossRef][Medline]
28. Turton JPG, Mehta A, Raza J, Woods KS, Tiulpakov A, Cassar J, Chong K, Thomas PQ, Eunice M, Ammini AC, Bouloux PM, Starzyk J, Hindmarsh PC, Dattani MT Mutations within the transcription factor PROP1 are rare in a cohort of patients with sporadic combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), in press
29. Gat-Yablonski G, Lazar L, Pertzelan A, Phillip M 2002 A novel mutation in PIT-1: phenotypic variability in familial combined pituitary hormone deficiencies. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:325–330[Medline]
30. Kishimoto M, Okimura Y, Fumoto M, Iguchi G, Iida K, Kaji H, Chihara K 2003 The R271W mutant form of Pit-1 does not act as a dominant inhibitor of Pit-1 action to activate the promoters of GH and prolactin genes. Eur J Endocrinol 148:619–625[Abstract]
31. Cohen LE, Radovick S 2002 Molecular basis of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies. Endocr Rev 23:431–442[Abstract/Free Full Text]
32. Osorio MG, Marui S, Jorge AA, Latronico AC, Lo LS, Leite CC, Estefan V, Mendonca BB, Arnhold IJ 2002 Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging and function in patients with growth hormone deficiency with and without mutations in GHRH-R, GH-1, or PROP-1 genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5076–5084[Abstract/Free Full Text]
33. Brickman JM, Clements M, Tyrell R, McNay D, Woods K, Warner J, Stewart A, Beddington RS, Dattani M 2001 Molecular effects of novel mutations in Hesx1/HESX1 associated with human pituitary disorders. Development 128:5189–5199
34. Carvalho LR, Woods KS, Mendonca BB, Marcal N, Zamparini AL, Stifani S, Brickman JM, Arnhold IJ, Dattani MT 2003 A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J Clin Invest 112:1192–1201[CrossRef][Medline]
35. Machinis K, Pantel J, Netchine I, Leger J, Camand OJ, Sobrier ML, Dastot-Le Moal F, Duquesnoy P, Abitbol M, Czernichow P, Amselem S 2001 Syndromic short stature in patients with a germline mutation in the LIM homeobox LHX4. Am J Hum Genet 69:961–968[CrossRef][Medline]
36. Hayashi K, Yandell DW 1993 How sensitive is PCR-SSCP? Hum Mutat 2:338–346[CrossRef][Medline]
37. Mendonca BB, Osorio MG, Latronico AC, Estefan V, Lo LS, Arnhold IJ 1999 Longitudinal hormonal and pituitary imaging changes in two females with combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to deletion of A301,G302 in the PROP1 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:942–945[Abstract/Free Full Text]
38. Riepe FG, Partsch CJ, Blankenstein O, Monig H, Pfaffle RW, Sippell WG 2001 Longitudinal imaging reveals pituitary enlargement preceding hypoplasia in two brothers with combined pituitary hormone deficiency attributable to PROP1 mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4353–4357[Abstract/Free Full Text]
39. Liang J, Moye-Rowley S, Maurer RA 1995 In vivo mutational analysis of the DNA binding domain of the tissue-specific transcription factor, Pit-1. J Biol Chem 270:25520–25525[Abstract/Free Full Text]
40. Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC, Dattani MT 2005 An update on the biochemical diagnosis of congenital ACTH insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:307–314[CrossRef][Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Kelberman and M. T. Dattani Hypothalamic and pituitary development: novel insights into the aetiology Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2007; 157(suppl_1): S3 - S14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E. G. McNay, J. P. Turton, D. Kelberman, K. S. Woods, R. Brauner, A. Papadimitriou, E. Keller, A. Keller, N. Haufs, H. Krude, et al. HESX1 Mutations Are an Uncommon Cause of Septooptic Dysplasia and Hypopituitarism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 691 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Miyata, S. Vallette-Kasic, A. Saveanu, M. Takeuchi, H. Yoshikawa, A. Tajima, K. Tojo, R. Reynaud, M. Gueydan, A. Enjalbert, et al. Identification and Functional Analysis of the Novel S179R POU1F1 Mutation Associated with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 4981 - 4987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Reynaud, M. Gueydan, A. Saveanu, S. Vallette-Kasic, A. Enjalbert, T. Brue, and A. Barlier Genetic Screening of Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Experience in 195 Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3329 - 3336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. P. S. Bhangoo, C. S. Hunter, J. J. Savage, H. Anhalt, S. Pavlakis, E. C. Walvoord, S. Ten, and S. J. Rhodes A Novel LHX3 Mutation Presenting as Combined Pituitary Hormonal Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2006; 91(3): 747 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Turton, J. P. G. Articles by Dattani, M. T. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Turton, J. P. G. Articles by Dattani, M. T. Related Collections Neuroendocrinology and Pituitary Pediatric Endocrinology