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Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2466
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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 90, No. 7 4405-4410
Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society

CLINICAL REVIEW

A Critical Analysis of Pituitary Tumor Shrinkage during Primary Medical Therapy in Acromegaly

Shlomo Melmed, Richard Sternberg, David Cook, Anne Klibanski, Philippe Chanson, Vivien Bonert, Mary Lee Vance, David Rhew, David Kleinberg and Ariel Barkan

Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (S.M., V.B.), Los Angeles, California 90048; Zynx Health, Inc. (R.S., D.R.), Los Angeles, California 90024; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University (D.C.), Portland, Oregon 97205; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Bicetre (P.C.), Paris, France 94275; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Science Center (M.L.V.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22901; Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center (D.K.), New York, New York 10010; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Michigan (A.B.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Shlomo Melmed, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048. E-mail: melmed{at}csmc.edu.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Context: Somatostatin analogs have been successfully used to treat patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas because they are safe, effective, and usually well tolerated. The results of studies evaluating acromegaly treatment with the somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs), octreotide and lanreotide, have supported the use of these agents for primary medical therapy before or as an alternative to traditional interventions of surgery and radiotherapy in selected cases.

Evidence Acquisition: We therefore undertook a systematic literature overview to characterize the results of studies involving primary therapy with somatostatin analogs and their effects on pituitary tumor size. Because most studies in which pituitary tumor shrinkage has been assessed involve uncontrolled, open-label, prospective trials or retrospective case series, the lack of a control arm does not permit pooling of data in a metaanalytic fashion to determine tumor size reduction. Therefore, this systematic review was designed to document and stratify data by study design, summarize therapeutic regimens and patient characteristics, assess the percentage of patients showing changes in tumor size, and calculate the weighted average effect on size reduction.

Evidence Synthesis: Overall, for patients who experience significant shrinkage, an approximately 50% decrease in pituitary mass is achieved when a somatostatin analog is used exclusively or before surgery or radiotherapy. Fourteen studies (n = 424) provided a definition of significant tumor shrinkage, and the results showed that 36.6% (weighted mean percentage) of patients receiving primary SRL therapy for acromegaly experienced a significant reduction in tumor size. The weighted mean percent reduction in tumor size was 19.4% for those studies in which all patients received SRLs and change in tumor size was reported for all patients.

Conclusions: Clinical implications are discussed for patients in whom tumor size control with SRLs is an important objective, typically those who have failed surgery or are being treated with primary medical therapy with large tumors.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGS HAVE been successfully used to treat patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas because they are safe, effective, and usually well tolerated in the majority of patients (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Although these analogs are approved for use after noncurative pituitary surgery, wider experience has led to recommendations for their primary use in selected patients newly diagnosed with acromegaly. Factors influencing the primary use of somatostatin analogs include low cure rates achieved after surgical resection for pituitary macroadenomas with persistent postoperative GH hypersecretion, especially with cavernous sinus invasion, wide variability in surgical experience and skill, prevalence of perioperative side effects, unacceptable anesthetic risk for some patients, and refusal of surgery.

The results of studies evaluating treatment of acromegaly with the somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs), octreotide and lanreotide, have supported the use of these agents for primary medical therapy before or as an alternative to traditional interventions of surgery and radiotherapy in selected cases. The effect of medical therapy on tumor mass is an important consideration. Several clinical trials have reported changes in tumor size associated with various somatostatin analog regimens in treating GH-secreting pituitary tumors. The patient populations in these studies were previously treated, previously untreated, or drawn from both categories. Several researchers, typically in narrative reviews, have summarized the results of trials relating to pituitary tumor shrinkage, either as a result of therapy with somatostatin analog before or after other therapies or, less frequently, when used naively as the primary therapy. However, a comprehensive review of all such studies of tumor size has not been reported.

We therefore undertook a systematic literature overview to update, aggregate, and characterize the results of studies involving primary therapy with somatostatin analogs and their effects on pituitary tumor size. A separate review of primary therapy using dopamine agonists was also undertaken. Because most studies in which pituitary tumor shrinkage has been assessed typically involve uncontrolled, open-label, prospective trials or retrospective case series, the lack of a control arm does not permit the pooling of data in a metaanalytic fashion to determine tumor size reduction. Therefore, this systematic review was designed to document and stratify data by study design, to summarize therapeutic regimens and patient characteristics, to assess the percentage of patients showing changes in tumor size, and, when possible, to calculate the weighted average effect on size reduction in the treatment groups. Clinical implications are discussed for patients in whom tumor size control is an important objective, typically those who have failed surgery or are being treated with primary medical therapy with large residual tumors.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Article identification

The peer-reviewed medical literature was searched to identify clinical trials potentially eligible for systematic review. Trials studying pituitary tumor size as an outcome of somatostatin treatment of acromegaly were identified through March 2004 using online bibliographic PubMed database search strategies and reference lists from selected textbooks and retrieved articles.

Inclusion criteria

To be included in this analysis, studies had to be published in the English language, peer-reviewed medical journals and have any of the following designs: randomized controlled trial; prospective, nonrandomized trial; retrospective study; case report; or case series. The study populations comprised patients with diagnosed acromegaly resulting from GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. To be included, patients must not have been treated previously with either radiotherapy or surgery; however, previous treatment with dopamine agonists or somatostatin analog was not a reason for exclusion.

The therapeutic interventions used in these studies needed to include administration of one or more somatostatin analogs as primary therapy or as therapy before surgery or radiotherapy. The somatostatin analogs evaluated were octreotide, octreotide long-acting release, lanreotide, or lanreotide sustained release. One of the stated study outcomes required change in pituitary tumor size evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in all or in a majority of patients. Because computed tomography scanning has been shown to be less precise than MRI in measuring the size and mass of pituitary tumors, studies primarily using computed tomography scanning were excluded from analysis.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Article selection

We identified 693 studies that evaluated somatostatin analog treatment for acromegaly. Of these, 15 were found to be eligible for study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) (Fig. 1Go). Of the 15 studies retained for review, three compared treatment vs. placebo or control (study type A), one compared drug 1 vs. drug 2 (study type B), two compared drug 1 regimen 1 vs. drug 1 regimen 2 (study type C), and nine compared outcomes before and after treatment (study type D; Tables 1-4GoGoGoGo). No randomized, placebo-controlled trials measuring change in pituitary tumor size after primary therapy with somatostatin analogs were identified. Five studies employed diameter dimensions measured by MRI to assess tumor size change (1, 6, 7, 11, 15), nine studies employed tumor volume calculations (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14), and in one study the measurement method was not described (13).



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  		FIG. 1. SRLs: effect on tumor size.

 

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  		TABLE 1. Study design A (treatment vs. control/placebo)

 

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  		TABLE 2. Study design B (drug 1 vs. drug 2)

 

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  		TABLE 3. Study design C (drug 1 regimen 1 vs. drug 1 regimen 2)

 

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  		TABLE 4. Study design D (before-after)

 
Tumor size effects

Fourteen studies (n = 424) provided a definition of tumor shrinkage and described the percentage of patients receiving an SRL that demonstrated a significant shrinkage in tumor size (Table 5Go). The 15th study by Amato et al. (2) did not provide a definition of significant tumor size shrinkage. Overall, results from the 14 studies showed that 36.6% of patients receiving primary SRL therapy for acromegaly experienced a significant reduction in tumor size. The definition of significant shrinkage ranged from 10% to more than 45%. The percentage of patients demonstrating tumor size reduction while receiving short-acting octreotide (37.8%) was not different from that of patients receiving long-acting preparations (34%).


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  		TABLE 5. Percentage of patients with significant tumor shrinkage

 
Seven studies (n = 70) provided tumor shrinkage data for those patients who responded to treatment and met investigators’ various criteria for displaying significant shrinkage (Table 6Go). The weighted mean percent significant reduction in tumor size for this group of responders was 49.8%. This percentage was calculated by adding the sum of the products for 1) the percent significant shrinkage in each study times, 2) the number of patients responding with significant shrinkage in that study divided by, 3) the total number of patients with significant shrinkage from all seven studies. This percentage was not different between patients who received short-acting octreotide (49.5%) and those who received long-acting preparations (50%).


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  		TABLE 6. Weighted mean percent significant shrinkage in tumor size

 
Three studies (n = 151) provided tumor shrinkage data for all study patients receiving an SRL in the study regardless of whether their tumors underwent shrinkage (Table 7Go). The weighted mean percent reduction in tumor size for this group was 19.4%. The mean percent reduction in tumor size for those patients receiving long-acting preparations was 13.4%.


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  		TABLE 7. Weighted mean percent shrinkage in tumor size for all patients receiving SRLs in a study

 
Specific assumptions were used for calculating the weighted mean percentage of patients with shrinkage and weighted mean percent shrinkages. These assumptions were that heterogeneity of study designs and calculation methods were not to be considered, that all individual percentages were to be used regardless of study criteria for significant shrinkage, and that the midpoint value was to be used when two percentages were provided.

Primary therapy with dopamine agonists

Twenty-six studies were identified that evaluated the effect of dopamine agonist therapy for acromegaly on tumor size, of which five fulfilled inclusion criteria (16, 17, 18, 19, 20). A review of the reference lists of the five retrieved citations suggested the possibility of five additional citations. These were reviewed, and three were excluded because either patients receiving primary therapy were not specifically identified when tumor shrinkage was quantified, or a majority of the tumors studied secreted hormones other than GH. Two additional citations (21, 22) were retained. A review of these seven studies, including primary therapy with dopamine agonists for acromegaly, indicated that tumor shrinkage had been documented in approximately 4–5% of patients.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Several studies have reported the efficacy of long-acting somatostatin analogs in achieving biochemical and clinical control of patients with acromegaly either as adjuvant or primary therapy (reviewed in Refs. 23, 24, 25, 26). Reports of drug effects on tumor size are limited by a lack of rigor in study design, heterogenous imaging techniques and measurements, and a lack of controls. Nevertheless, except for one study (1), persistent tumor growth has generally not been observed in patients receiving SRL therapy. Furthermore, when somatostatin analogs are discontinued, tumor regrowth appears to occur within 6 months (27). In our review, no randomized, placebo-controlled trials measuring tumor size change after SRL therapy were identified, as a result of which a true metaanalysis could not be performed. However, this critical literature analysis shows that overall, for patients who experience significant shrinkage as variously defined by different investigators, an approximately 50% decrease in pituitary mass is achieved when a somatostatin analog is used exclusively or before surgery or radiotherapy. Absent a random, placebo-controlled trial, a true metaanalysis could not be performed. Importantly, the initial pretreatment tumor size is a determinant of the significance of measured shrinkage. For example, one dimension shrinkage of a 10-mm diameter mass to 5 mm (i.e. 50%) is clearly of greater clinical significance than a 50% shrinkage of a 4-mm, well-circumscribed, intrasellar microadenoma. In contrast, using a three-dimensional measurement, shrinkage of this mass may be reported as 87%. A limitation inherent in this analysis is lack of independent review of the primary MRI data and reliance on published scan readings.

Clinical benefits of tumor mass shrinkage include relief of vital structure impingement, patient reassurance that the mass is shrinking, and possibly a lowered risk of intratumoral hemorrhage. Surgery is the first-line therapy for well-circumscribed microadenomas, and medical therapy is indicated should surgery not be curative (28, 29). Primary SRL therapy may be offered in selected patients with unacceptable anesthetic risk, cardiovascular or pulmonary complications, (30), and macroadenomas not impinging on the optic chiasm, with little likelihood of surgical cure. Because the majority of patients with macroadenomas, especially those with tumors extending into the cavernous sinus, will not be cured surgically, postoperative therapy is required in most patients. For those patients with persistent GH hypersecretion and visible tumor on MRI, which suggests the probability of cure, reoperation by an experienced pituitary surgeon after initial surgery by an inexperienced surgeon is recommended (31). No controlled prospective data are currently available on the value of noncurative debulking surgery. Medical therapy options include the use of dopamine agonists, SRL therapy, and pegvisomant (32). Overall, only a small percentage of patients, usually those with only minimal IGF-I elevations, will be controlled by dopamine agonists. For patients with significant residual tumor mass in whom tumor control is clinically indicated and for whom repeat surgery is not an efficacious option, SRL therapy is indicated. Because the overall maximal efficacy of SRL therapy is approximately 70%, a significant minority of patients can be expected to have persistent hormone hypersecretion. If control is inadequately achieved with maximal SRL doses and added dopamine agonists, or if patients are intolerant of SRLs, therapy should be initiated with pegvisomant, the GH receptor antagonist, sometimes in the setting of radiation therapy (33). The advantage of SRL is tumor control; the advantage of pegvisomant is near 100% IGF-I normalization. In patients who have failed both surgical and optimal medical therapy or who have evidence of continued tumor growth while receiving medical therapy, radiotherapy should be considered depending on clinical disease activity and the degree or persistence of biochemical disease.

Because potential adverse effects limit the efficacy of treatments for acromegaly, integrated treatment decisions are best made by a team that includes endocrinologists and surgeons. Long-term treatment cost is also a significant determinant of therapeutic choice. The ultimate choice of therapy should be based upon an informed patient understanding of the potential disadvantages of therapeutic approaches vs. their effectiveness in managing a complex metabolic disorder by reducing its comorbidities and by ultimately achieving favorable mortality outcomes (34, 35).


   Footnotes
 
No commercial support from any proprietary organization was used for this study.

First Published Online April 12, 2005

Abbreviations: MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; SRL, somatostatin receptor ligand.

Received December 15, 2004.

Accepted April 5, 2005.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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A. Colao, R. Attanasio, R. Pivonello, P. Cappabianca, L. M. Cavallo, G. Lasio, A. Lodrini, G. Lombardi, and R. Cozzi
Partial Surgical Removal of Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors Enhances the Response to Somatostatin Analogs in Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2006; 91(1): 85 - 92.
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