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FIG. 1. The effect of ATP on MAPK activation in hGLCs using Western blot analysis. A, The dose-response of ATP on ERK1/2 (p44/p42) activation. hGLCs were treated with increasing concentrations of ATP (0, 100 nM, 1 µM, 10 µM, or 100 µM) for 5 min, as described in Materials and Methods. B, The time effect of ATP on ERK1/2 (p44/p42) activation. hGLCs were treated with 10 µM ATP for 0, 1, 5, 10, or 20 min, as described in Materials and Methods. C, The dose-response of ATP on p38 activation in hGLCs. D, The time effect of ATP on p38 activation in hGLCs. E, The dose-response of ATP on JNK activation in hGLCs. F, The time effect of ATP on JNK activation in hGLCs. The amount of loading was normalized by total ERK. The data are shown as relative ratio to basal levels. Values are presented as the mean ± SE of three individual experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. *, Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
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