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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 87, No. 8 3971-3976
Copyright © 2002 by The Endocrine Society

COMMENT

CAPN10 Alleles Are Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Alejandro Gonzalez, Eduardo Abril, Alfredo Roca, Maria José Aragón, Maria José Figueroa, Pilar Velarde, José Luis Royo, Luis Miguel Real and Agustín Ruiz

Centro Avanzado de Fertilidad, Unidad de Reproducción y Genética Humana, Instituto Medico Serman, Jerez de la Frontera (A.G., E.A., A.Ro., M.J.A., M.J.F., P.V.), Cádiz, Spain; Unidad Materno- Infantil, Hospital Virgen de las Montañas (A.G.), Villamartin, Cádiz, Spain; and Departamento de Genómica Estructural, Neocodex, Parque Científico y Tecnológico Isla de la Cartuja (J.L.R., L.M.R., A.Ru.), Sevilla, Spain

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Alejandro Gonzalez, Centro Avanzado de Fertilidad, Unidad de Reproducción y Genética Humana, Instituto Medico Serman, 11405 Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain. E-mail: . alejandro{at}caf-jerez.com

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by chronic anovulation infertility, hyperandrogenemia, and frequently insulin resistance. This study investigated whether polymorphisms in the CAPN10 gene are related with PCOS etiology. The allelic frequencies and genotypes of CAPN10 polymorphisms UCSNP-44, 43, 19, and 63 were determined in 55 well characterized women with polycystic ovaries and 93 unrelated healthy controls using spectrofluorimetric analyses and real-time PCR. Our data indicate that CAPN10 UCSNP-44 allele is associated with PCOS in the Spanish population (P = 0.01). These results support a role of Calpain 10 gene in PCOS susceptibility in humans.

IN 1935, STEIN AND LEVENTHAL demonstrated that obesity, hirsutism, and amenorrhea are correlated with polycystic ovaries, identifying a novel syndrome named Stein-Leventhal or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, MIM 184700). PCOS is a common endocrinopathy that is found in about 5–10% of women of reproductive age (1). Specifically in Spain, a prospective study reported an overall 6.5% prevalence of PCOS (2). Previous studies suggest that genetics factors play a major role in the etiology of PCOS (3). However, the mode of inheritance of PCOS remains unclear, and recent studies indicate that this disorder is a complex trait (4). This means that several genes are interacting with environmental factors to provoke the phenotype (5).

Recent genetic studies have identified several genes within different metabolic pathways that could be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Specifically, genes encoding for enzymes of the steroid hormone synthesis (CYP11a, CYP17, and CYP19) have been tested using different linkage/association methods (6, 7, 8). In addition, genes involved in the insulin-signaling pathway (9, 10, 11), genes involved in gonadotropin action (12, 13), genes controlling body weight, APO E, and two dopamine receptor genes have been analyzed (14, 15, 16). Most of these works have not been replicated extensively, and the molecular mechanism underlying the specific contribution of these genes to PCOS remains unknown (8). However, these works have pinpointed several metabolic routes that must contain polygenes involved in PCOS susceptibility.

Depending on the series, PCOS is associated with a 2- to 7-fold risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; Refs. 17, 18). Previous epidemiological and genetic studies have revealed that PCOS and T2DM could share genetic susceptibility factors involved in both pathologies. Following this working hypothesis, several studies have demonstrated that loci involved in T2DM may play a role in PCOS pathogenesis (8, 9, 10, 18, 19).

A genomewide scan for T2DM genes in Mexican Americans localized NIDDM1, a susceptibility locus on chromosome 2 (20). Interestingly, it has been shown that NIDDM1 acts in concert with another locus located at chromosome 15 within a genomic region that contains the CYP19 gene (a candidate gene for PCOS) (21). Recently, the Calpain 10 gene (CAPN10), encoding a ubiquitous member of the calpain-like cysteine protease family, was positional cloned within NIDDM1 region (22). Association studies using intragenic markers of CAPN10 gene have revealed that CAPN10 alleles may contribute to genetic predisposition to T2DM in different populations (22, 23) and also could modify proinsulin processing and insulin secretion in nondiabetic patients (24). Although the precise role of Calpain 10 in T2DM remains unknown (25), UCSNP-43 polymorphism within intron 3 of CAPN10 gene seems to be associated with reduced muscle mRNA levels of CAPN10 and insulin resistance (26).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CAPN10, a T2DM locus, in PCOS patients. We decided to examine this hypothesis with an association study using a population-based series of patients with PCOS for the frequency of four intronic polymorphisms within CAPN10 (USCSNP-43, UCSNP-44, UCSNP-19, and UCSNP-63). Our results indicate that CAPN10 gene may play a role in PCOS susceptibility in humans.

Patients and Methods

Patients

The study population consisted of 55 unrelated women with PCOS. The ethnicity of all probands and women controls was Caucasian (white Europid).

PCOS was defined by the presence of 1) amenorrhea and/or oligomenorrhea (menstrual cycles 35 d); 2) clinical hyperandrogenism: hirsutism following Ferriman and Galleway criteria, acne, alopecia; 3) biochemical hyperandrogenism: increased testosterone levels (3 nmol/liter); 4) bilateral polycystic ovaries on ultrasound scan: more than eight follicles of more than 2-mm diameter, increased volume of stroma, and increased ovarian volume (9 ml; Ref. 27); and 5) exclusion criteria: hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, and nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (27). Selected probands were examined by one of the study investigators (A.G.). To estimate population frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed, 93 unselected healthy women from the same geographical region were genotyped in an anonymized fashion. The referral center for this study is the Centro Avanzado de Fertilidad (Jerez, Andalucia, Spain). Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

DNA extraction

We obtained 5 ml of peripheral blood from all patients to isolate germline DNA from leukocytes. DNA extraction was performed according to standard procedures using Nucleospin Blood Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). To perform PCRs, we prepared aliquots of DNA at a concentration of 5 ng/µ l. The rest of the stock was cryopreserved at -20 C.

Genotyping using real-time PCR

Primers and probes. We designed and synthesized amplification primers and fluorescent detection probes for the PCRs of the Calpain 10 gene using the Oligo software (www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA sequence used to carry out this study corresponds to the genomic sequence of the CAPN10 gene (GenBank accession no. AF158748). The selected primer pairs and detection probes are summarized in Table 1Go.


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  		Table 1. Primers and probes used for genotyping CAPN10 markers1

 
Allelic frequency and genotype distribution of UCSNP-19, -43, -44, and -63 within CAPN10 gene were determined in 93 unselected women (Table 2Go). Our data indicate that the allele frequencies of UCSNP-44, -43, -19, and -63 in Spain are very similar to those reported for other European populations elsewhere (Refs. 22, 23 ; Table 2Go). Spectrofluorimetric methods reported here are fast and reliable, allowing rapid genotyping that makes epidemiological studies more suitable to perform.


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  		Table 2. Allele frequencies of CAPN10 markers in different populations

 
PCR conditions. Real-time PCR was performed in the LightCycler system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) using reaction conditions previously published (28, 29, 30). PCR was performed to amplify the segments of the CAPN10 gene that flanks UCSNP-43/44 (intron 3), UCSNP-19 (intron 6), or UCSNP-63 (intron 13). Briefly, a final volume of 10 µl using 10 ng of genomic DNA, 1 mM each amplification primer, 4.4 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM each detection probe (when necessary), and 1 ìl of LC Faststart DNA Master SYBR green I (Roche Applied Science; for UCSNP-19 or 1 ìil) or LC Faststart DNA Master hybridization probes (Roche Applied Science) for UCSNP-43/44 and -63. We used an initial denaturation step of 95 C for 7 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 C for 0 sec, 66 C for 15 sec, and 72 C for 30 sec.

Melting curves. The conditions to obtain optimal melting curves and spectrofluorimetric genotypes were 95 C for 0 sec, 50 C for 0 sec, and 95 C for 0 sec (with a temperature-transfer speed of 20 C/sec in each step, except the last step, in which the speed of temperature transfer was 0.2 C/sec). In the last step, a continuous fluorometric register was performed (F3/F1), fixing the gains of the system at 1, 15, and 250 on channels F1, F2, and F3, respectively, for UCSNP-43/44 and UCSNP-63. To detect UCSNP-19, the fluorometric register was performed at F1 channel, fixing the gains of the system at 5, 10, 10 in channels F1, F2, and F3, respectively. Genotype results using real time-PCR are shown in Fig. 1Go. To test the specificity of these assays, selected amplicons of different melting patterns were sequenced using an automated DNA sequencer (Beckman Coulter CEQ 2000XL, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA; data not shown). For UCSNP-19 (32-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism), conventional 2% agarose electrophoresis was carried out (data not shown).



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  		Figure 1. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of CAPN10 markers using real-time PCR. Analysis of the fluorescence measured during melting curve determination in the LightCycler (Roche Applied Science). Each allele has a specific melting point. A, Detection of UCSNP-43 and -44 polymorphisms (melting points, UCSNP-43 allele, 54 C; UCSNP-44 allele, 64 C; wild-type allele, 59.5 C). B, Detection of UCSNP-19 polymorphism (melting points, deleted allele, 85.7 C; inserted allele, 86.8 C). C, Detection of UCSNP-63 polymorphism (melting points, UCSNP-63 allele, 62 C; wild-type, 69.5 C).

 
Statistical analysis

Allelic frequencies between PCOS and controls where compared using standard {chi}2 tests with Yate’s correction. To perform statistical analysis of genotypes, individuals heterozygous and homozygous for the p allele of each SNP where grouped (when necessary) to avoid values lower than 5 in cells. All statistical calculations where performed using Statcalc software (EpiInfo 5.1).

Results

We have investigated 55 unrelated cases of PCOS compared with control population for the frequency of polymorphic alleles at four loci within CAPN10 gene (UCSNP-44, UCSNP-43, UCSNP-19, and UCSNP-63). Of these loci, an elevated frequency of the respective polymorphic allele occurred at two polymorphisms in PCOS compared with women controls (Table 3Go). The associations were observed in UCSNP-44 (intron 3) and UCSNP-19 (intron 6). Among a total 110 PCOS chromosomes, 25 (22.7%) have the polymorphic variant C, and 85 (77.3%) have the wild-type T at UCSNP-44 locus. In contrast, in the Spanish population analyzed, we found 21 (11.3%) C polymorphic and 165 (88.7%) T wild-type alleles, respectively. The difference in allelic frequencies in this genetic marker between PCOS and controls was statistically significant ({chi}2 = 6.04; P = 0.01, with Yate’s correction). Moreover, for UCSNP-19, we also obtained a positive correlation: 52 of 110 (47.2%) PCOS alleles have the deleted allele of this polymorphic marker, compared with 64 of 186 (34.4%) control chromosomes ({chi}2 = 3.99; P = 0.045, with Yate’s correction). Interestingly, both polymorphic alleles UCSNP-44 (C) and UCSNP-19 (deleted), associated to PCOS phenotype in the present study, appear to be in linkage disequilibrium (23). Moreover, the C allele of UCSNP-44 has been associated very recently to T2DM in European populations (23).


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  		Table 3. Association studies of CAPN10 alleles in PCOS

 
Genotype distributions for each polymorphism were also determined and compared between PCOS and healthy women (Table 3Go). All genotype frequencies are in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium law (P 0.43). Again, when comparing genotypes observed in PCOS patients vs. those obtained in control genotypes, a significant association is also achieved for UCSNP-44 genotypes ({chi}2 = 5.99; P = 0.023, with Yate’s correction; for details, see Table 4Go).


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  		Table 4. Genotype analysis of CAPN10 polymorphisms in PCOS patients and Spanish population

 
Discussion

The genetic basis of PCOS is currently not well understood (31). However, it seems that the rule for most PCOS patients will be the coexistence of both environmental and genetic factors interacting in a complex fashion to provoke the PCOS phenotype (4). This etiology model is applied for almost all common diseases such schizophrenia, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus (5).

Recent studies have identified several CAPN10 alleles associated to T2DM susceptibility (22, 23, 24). Initially, the inheritance of a specific haplotype combination defined by three SNPs (UCSNP-43, -19, and -63) was found to be associated with an increased risk of T2DM in Mexican Americans (22). However, the examination of the contribution of CAPN10 alleles to the development of diabetes mellitus in Europeans revealed that UCSNP-44, rather than UCSNP-43, is associated to genetic predisposition to T2DM in Europids (23). Our data provide support for the involvement of CAPN10 UCSNP-44 as a determinant of risk for PCOS in Spanish population, suggesting that UCSNP-44 allele could be related to both pathologies. Our study provides a new candidate gene for PCOS that must be widely evaluated. Further studies in PCOS cohorts of other ethnicity and geographical location will be necessary to check our results. In this way, it would be interesting to perform meta-analyses of our findings testing autosomal dominant PCOS families, sib pairs analyses, and new case-control studies; increasing PCOS sample; and testing family-based controls and/or population-based controls to evaluate, contrast and weight our findings. Moreover, it is interesting to evaluate the CAPN10 gene in other lipodystrophies observed in humans like the metabolic syndrome observed in hypertension, congenital lipodystrophies, or lipodystrophy related with antiretroviral treatments.

Our study also provides a novel genetic evidence of the relationships between T2DM and PCOS, suggesting that both pathologies share clinical findings, biochemical pathways, and genetic risk factors (18, 32). It will be very interesting to perform association studies between some phenotypic characteristics of PCOS patients (i.e. ß-cell function parameters, insulin resistance, family history of diabetes, hypertension or hyperinsulinemia) and CAPN10 haplotypes. However, due to small sample size available, we cannot perform these studies in the PCOS group. In this way, we are currently collecting 4-fold PCOS samples within our geographical region to perform phenotype-genotype correlation studies.

We and others think that the discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying the link between T2DM and PCOS could provide a core of important proteins and functions very interesting for molecular diagnosis and drug development in PCOS (4, 31). In this way, physiological links between PCOS and insulin-signaling pathways have been reported at a molecular level, suggesting that IGF pathways are involved in ovarian steroidogenesis and follicle maturation (32, 33). It is well established that ovarian theca cells are stimulated via insulin-insulin receptor pathways and IGF-I to synthesize androgens and to perform apoptosis inhibition of growing follicles. On the other hand, a high bioavailability of IGF-II at ovarian granulose cell level provokes high levels of CYP19 aromatase, follicle growth, maturation, and an increased estradiol synthesis (34, 35, 36, 37). Recent studies suggest that an abnormal ratio of IGF-I/IGF-II at ovarian level could contribute to the development of ovarian cysts and hyperandrogenemia. Both symptoms are observed in PCOS patients (38, 39). Because the IGF-I/IGF-II ratio is strongly regulated via IGF binding proteins and unidentified proteases controlling IGF binding protein activities (40), it is tempting to speculate how CAPN10 protease could be related to the fine tuning of insulin-dependent biochemical pathways involved in ovarian physiology.

Finally, Cox et al. (21) have reported a genetic interaction between CAPN10 and several genetic markers close to CYP19 aromatase locus in T2DM patients. Because CYP19 aromatase encodes a core protein involved in ovarian steroid synthesis, it will be interesting to analyze this phenomena in PCOS patients and its relation to androgen/estrogen synthesis in the ovary.

Further association and functional studies are necessary to clarify the role of CAPN10 alleles in diabetes, PCOS, and ovarian physiology. In this way, expression analyses and other in vitro experiments in thecal and granulose cells of selected patients are under investigation. We believe that these new studies will help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the new genetic association discovered.

Acknowledgments

We are deeply grateful to PCOS patients and controls for participation in this study. We are very grateful to Sonsoles Vidal, Mayte Pizarro, and Dr. Ana Bernal for patient and sample management.

Footnotes

Neocodex has been partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Grants IDE2000-0633, IDE2000-0705 and FIT-010000-2001-86).

Abbreviations: PCOS, Polycystic ovary syndrome; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Received January 3, 2002.

Accepted May 10, 2002.

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E. Diamanti-Kandarakis and C. Piperi
Genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome: searching for the way out of the labyrinth
Hum. Reprod. Update, November 1, 2005; 11(6): 631 - 643.
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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
H. F. Escobar-Morreale, M. Luque-Ramirez, and J. L. San Millan
The Molecular-Genetic Basis of Functional Hyperandrogenism and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 251 - 282.
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 GeneticsHome page
A. R. Caetano, R. K. Johnson, J. J. Ford, and D. Pomp
Microarray Profiling for Differential Gene Expression in Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles of Pigs Selected for Increased Ovulation Rate
Genetics, November 1, 2004; 168(3): 1529 - 1537.
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N. J. Cox, M. G. Hayes, C. A. Roe, T. Tsuchiya, and G. I. Bell
Linkage of Calpain 10 to Type 2 Diabetes: The Biological Rationale
Diabetes, February 1, 2004; 53(90001): S19 - 25.
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A. Gonzalez, E. Abril, A. Roca, M. J. Aragon, M. J. Figueroa, P. Velarde, R. Ruiz, O. Fayez, J. J. Galan, J. A. Herreros, et al.
Specific CAPN10 Gene Haplotypes Influence the Clinical Profile of Polycystic Ovary Patients
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