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The Impact of the Human Genome on Endocrinology: Original Articles |
Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Expérimentale (O.P.-L., S.B., C.O., M.G.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U501, UFR de Médecine secteur Nord, Institut Jean Roche, and Laboratoire d’Hématologie (M.-C.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale EPI 99–36, UFR de Médecine secteur Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Michel Grino, M.D., Ph.D., Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Expérimentale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U501, UFR de Médecine secteur Nord, boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France. E-mail: . grino.m{at}jean-roche.univ-mrs.fr
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an important role in determining adipose tissue metabolism and distribution. Patients with Cushing’s syndrome or receiving corticosteroid therapy develop a reversible visceral obesity. In obese patients, although circulating concentrations of cortisol are not consistently elevated, local conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol in adipose tissue, catalyzed by 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD-1), could amplify glucocorticoid signaling. We have studied, using semiquantitative in situ hybridization, 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA expression in the adipocyte and stromal compartments of sc abdominal adipose tissue obtained from 12 lean patients and sc abdominal and visceral adipose tissue obtained from 18 obese patients. 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA was expressed in adipocytes, stroma, and walls of vessels. Localization of 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA did not differ between lean sc and obese sc or visceral adipose tissue. 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA levels were significantly (P = 0.0106) increased in the adipocyte compartment of sc adipose tissue obtained from obese patients as compared with nonobese ones, whereas no significant change (P = 0.446) was found in the stromal compartment. In obese patients, 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA expression was increased (P = 0.0157) in the stromal compartment of visceral compared with sc tissue, whereas no significant change (P = 0.8767) was found in the adipocyte compartment.
In summary, our data show that 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA is increased in adipose tissue from obese patients, in the abdominal sc fat in adipocytes and in the visceral fat in both adipocytes and stroma. This observation suggests that an overexpression of 11ß-HSD-1 may explain part of the glucocorticoid-induced metabolic disorders linked to obesity and may promote visceral fat deposition.
OBESITY IS ASSOCIATED with health risks such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (1). These complications are more frequent when adipose tissue is deposited in the truncal region, in particular at a visceral level, as compared with generalized obesity (2). The factors responsible for an increased visceral localization of adipose tissue are not completely understood. However, cortisol was implicated as a pathophysiological mediator. Indeed, patients with Cushing’s syndrome develop a reversible visceral obesity (3). In patients suffering from visceral obesity, circulating concentrations of cortisol are not consistently elevated (4). An increase in glucocorticoid receptors in visceral fat could locally amplify glucocorticoid signaling (5). Alterations in peripheral cortisol metabolism together with a compensatory increase in cortisol secretion could also play a role (6). The changes in peripheral cortisol metabolism could associate an increase in 5
-reductase conversion of cortisol to 5-tetrahydrocortisol and a reduction of type 1 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-HSD-1) reactivation of cortisone to cortisol by the liver (7, 8). In addition, increased generation of cortisol may take place in adipose tissue because 11ß-HSD-1 immunoreactivity was observed in omental adipose tissue, in both stromal and adipocytes cells (9). Studies in obese Zucker rat have demonstrated an increased 11ß-HSD-1 activity in omental adipose tissue (10). Transgenic mice overexpressing 11ß-HSD-1 selectively in adipose tissue have increased adipose levels of corticosterone, develop visceral obesity, and are glucose intolerant (11). However, the possibility of tissue-specific dysregulation of 11ß-HSD-1 is difficult to explore in human studies. Katz et al. (12) have suggested, using arteriovenous sampling, that 11ß-HSD-1 activity in sc abdominal adipose tissue is increased in obesity. It has been demonstrated in vitro that:
11ß-HSD-1 activity was higher in visceral (omental) compared with sc adipose stromal cells obtained from nonobese patients, both under basal or stimulated conditions (13, 14); and basal 11ß-HSD-1 activity was higher in whole sc abdominal adipose tissue explants obtained from obese patients as compared with normal controls (15).
However, it is not clear whether: 11ß-HSD-1 expression is increased in visceral adipose tissue in obese patients; variations in 11ß-HSD-1 expression in either sc or visceral adipose tissue are restricted to the stromal compartment, and therefore can affect the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, or include the adipocyte compartment, and as a consequence can modulate the adipocyte metabolism, in particular its insulin sensitivity.
Using semiquantitative in situ hybridization, we studied the expression of the mRNA coding for 11ß-HSD-1 in the adipocyte and stromal compartments of sc abdominal adipose tissue obtained from lean patients and of sc abdominal and visceral adipose tissue obtained from obese patients.
Materials and Methods
Tissue samples
The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines proposed in The Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local hospital and university ethics committee. All subjects neither suffered from any ongoing disease nor received any endocrine therapy. Abdominal adipose sc tissue was obtained from 12 female patients during abdominal lipectomy (body mass index: mean ± SD: 23 ± 3.7 kg/m2 and age: 33 ± 10 yr). Visceral and sc abdominal adipose tissues were obtained during gastroplasty from 18 patients (15 females, 3 males; body mass index: 41 ± 6.3 kg/m2, age: 41 ± 12 yr). Tissues were immediately frozen on dry ice and stored at -70 C.
In situ hybridization
Twenty-micrometer sections were cut in a cryostat, mounted on gelatin-coated slides, and processed and hybridized as previously described (16). The probe was a 356-bp cDNA fragment corresponding to base 27 of exon 3-base 104 of exon 5 of the human 11ß-HSD-1 gene (17), subcloned in pPCR script, linearized with BamHI (antisense probe) or with BstXI (sense probe) and labeled with 35S-UTP (Perkin-Elmer Corp., France). After hybridization and washing, slides were dipped in nuclear emulsion (Ilford K5) diluted 1:2 in water and exposed for one month. After development, sections were counterstained with neutral red.
Brightfield images were captured with a color charge-coupled device camera (Coolsnap, Princeton Instruments, France) attached to a Leica Corp. (Rueil-Malmaison, France) microscope and digitized. Because there was no significant variation in grain density between all the areas studied in both sc and visceral adipose tissue, semiquantitative analysis was performed by measuring the surface of the hybridized areas using the Image software (18). Eight randomly chosen fields (0.7 mm2) per section were analyzed. The resulting average values were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (to compare 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA expression in sc tissue between lean and obese patients) or the paired Wilcoxon test (to compare 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA expression between sc and visceral tissue in obese patients) using the Statview analysis program. All data are presented as the mean ± SE.
Results
Localization of 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA
Figure 1
, A–D, shows a brightfield view of an in situ hybridization of 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA in sc abdominal adipose tissue obtained from a lean patient. After hybridization with the 11ß-HSD-1 antisense probe, an intense labeling was found in adipocytes and in the stromal compartment (stromal cell clusters, isolated stromal cells closed to adipocytes, and walls of vessels; Fig. 1, A–C, respectively). Hybridization with the sense probe did not give any detectable signal, demonstrating the specificity of the hybridization (Fig. 1D).
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The localization of 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA did not differ between nonobese sc and obese sc or visceral adipose tissue (not shown). Figure 2 shows the results of the semiquantitative analysis of 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA expression in the adipocyte or stromal compartments of sc or visceral adipose tissue obtained from lean or obese patients. 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA levels were significantly (P = 0.0106) increased in the adipocyte compartment of sc adipose tissue obtained from obese patients as compared with non obese ones (Fig. 1
, E and F), whereas no significant change (P = 0.446) was found in the stromal compartment. In obese patients, 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA expression was increased (P = 0.0157) in the stromal compartment of visceral compared with sc tissue (Fig. 1, G and H), whereas no significant change (P = 0.8767) was found in the adipocyte compartment.
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Our data demonstrate that 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA levels are elevated in adipose tissue obtained from obese patients, suggesting the existence of an increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that there is a parallelism between 11ß-HSD-1 activity and mRNA levels (19). This observation extends previous findings, obtained in vivo or in vitro (13, 14, 15). In addition, our data evidence that the regulation of 11ß-HSD-1 gene expression differs between the localization (sc or visceral) and the compartment (stroma or adipocytes) studied. This may explain apparent discrepancies in previously published papers. Indeed, Bujalska et al. (13, 14), using cultured adipose stromal cells, suggested that local conversion of cortisone to cortisol occurs mainly in visceral rather than in sc adipose tissue, whereas Katz et al. (12) and Rask et al. (15) demonstrated that sc abdominal adipose tissue shows a robust 11ß-HSD-1 activity. Our finding that sc adipocytes, a compartment that was not taken in account in Bujalska’s studies (13, 14), express significant amount of 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA could explain these differences.
Stromal 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA was higher in visceral compared with sc adipose tissue obtained from obese patients. This result extends the findings reported by Bujalska et al. (13) in nonobese subjects and suggests that obese patients have also an increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol in visceral fat. Such a phenomenon may promote an accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Indeed, an increase in visceral fat has been well documented in patients with Cushing’s syndrome or receiving corticosteroid therapy (3). In vitro, glucocorticoids are required for the differentiation of stromal cells to mature adipocytes (20, 21). Glucocorticoids modulate lipoprotein lipase and glucose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inducing an increase in lipid accumulation in primary cultures of stromal cells (22, 23) and in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line (24). The increase in 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA in visceral stromal cells of obese patients can exacerbate this phenomenon.
Our results demonstrate that 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA is increased in the adipocyte compartment of both sc and visceral adipose tissue from obese patients and suggest that the subsequent increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol could influence adipocytes metabolism. It is known that, in vitro, cortisol increases lipoprotein lipase (25) and hormone-sensitive lipase (26) activity in adipose tissue. As a consequence, an excessive release of free fatty acids and glycerol from the adipocytes into the circulation can lead to insulin resistance. The increased expression of 11ß-HSD-1 in visceral adipose tissue is in line with the general consensus that visceral fat plays an important role in the metabolic disturbances induced by obesity. It has been shown, in moderately obese rats, that surgical removal of visceral fat improves insulin sensitivity (27). However, we found that 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA levels were also elevated in the sc abdominal adipocytes compartment from obese patients. This observation is consistent with the findings of Katz et al. (12) and Rask et al. (15) and suggests that the increased 11ß-HSD-1 expression in sc abdominal adipose tissue may participate in the metabolic disturbances induced by obesity. Interestingly, some groups have reported that, in vivo, sc abdominal fat was at least as strong a correlate of insulin sensitivity as visceral fat (28, 29).
The mechanisms responsible for the tissue-specific regulation of 11ß-HSD-1 gene expression are not completely understood. Factors influencing 11ß-HSD-1 expression include glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, sex steroids, GH, IGF-1, insulin, cytokines, and synthetic factors such as PPAR
ligands (30). Glucocorticoids- or GH-induced modulation of 11ß-HSD-1 could be involved the accumulation of adipose tissue and the dysregulation of its metabolism seen in obesity, whereas part of the therapeutic effects of PPAR ligands may take place through their action on 11ß-HSD-1. In vitro in primary cultures of human omental or sc adipose stromal cells, glucocorticoids are able to elicit a fast forward feedback in a dose-dependent fashion (14). A similar phenomenon could occur in adipocytes because they express glucocorticoid receptors (31). Obese patients have decreased GH secretion (32). Interestingly, it is known that administration of daily GH to hypopituitary patients results in lower ratios of cortisol/cortisone metabolites consistent with inhibition of 11ß-HSD-1 (33). Several recent observations have suggested a role for PPAR in controlling 11ß-HSD-1 expression in adipose tissue. Rosiglitazone inhibited both 11ß-HSD-1 activity and mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells and in visceral adipose tissue from db/db diabetic mice (19), and, in humans, treatment with troglitazone decreases visceral fat mass (34, 35). These phenomenon may mediate some of the antidiabetic effects of PPAR agonists.
In summary, our data show that 11ß-HSD-1 mRNA is increased in adipose tissue from obese patients, in the sc fat in adipocytes, and in the visceral fat in both adipocytes and stroma. This observation suggests that an overexpression of 11ß-HSD-1 may explain part of the glucocorticoid-induced metabolic disorders linked to obesity and may promote visceral fat deposition. Specific inhibitors of 11ß-HSD-1 may be useful for the treatment of patients with obesity (15).
Acknowledgments
Footnotes
Abbreviations: 11ß-HSD-1, 11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1.
Received November 19, 2001.
Accepted March 13, 2002.
References
cortisol conversion in subjects with central adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 8:1022–1027
ligands inhibit adipocyte 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression and activity. J Biol Chem 276: 12629–12635
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A. J. Drake, D. E. W. Livingstone, R. Andrew, J. R. Seckl, N. M. Morton, and B. R. Walker Reduced Adipose Glucocorticoid Reactivation and Increased Hepatic Glucocorticoid Clearance as an Early Adaptation to High-Fat Feeding in Wistar Rats Endocrinology, February 1, 2005; 146(2): 913 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Boullu-Ciocca, A. Dutour, V. Guillaume, V. Achard, C. Oliver, and M. Grino Postnatal Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats Upregulates Systemic and Adipose Tissue Glucocorticoid Metabolism During Development and in Adulthood: Its Relationship With the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes, January 1, 2005; 54(1): 197 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. W. Tomlinson, E. A. Walker, I. J. Bujalska, N. Draper, G. G. Lavery, M. S. Cooper, M. Hewison, and P. M. Stewart 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: A Tissue-Specific Regulator of Glucocorticoid Response Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2004; 25(5): 831 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kannisto, K. H. Pietilainen, E. Ehrenborg, A. Rissanen, J. Kaprio, A. Hamsten, and H. Yki-Jarvinen Overexpression of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-1 in Adipose Tissue Is Associated with Acquired Obesity and Features of Insulin Resistance: Studies in Young Adult Monozygotic Twins J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4414 - 4421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Valsamakis, A. Anwar, J. W. Tomlinson, C. H. L. Shackleton, P. G. McTernan, R. Chetty, P. J. Wood, A. K. Banerjee, G. Holder, A. H. Barnett, et al. 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Activity in Lean and Obese Males with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4755 - 4761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Basu, R. J. Singh, A. Basu, E. G. Chittilapilly, C. M. Johnson, G. Toffolo, C. Cobelli, and R. A. Rizza Splanchnic Cortisol Production Occurs in Humans: Evidence for Conversion of Cortisone to Cortisol Via the 11-{beta} Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11{beta}-HSD) Type 1 Pathway Diabetes, August 1, 2004; 53(8): 2051 - 2059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Sharma Mediastinal Fat, Insulin Resistance, and Hypertension Hypertension, August 1, 2004; 44(2): 117 - 118. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Tomlinson, J. S. Moore, P. M. S. Clark, G. Holder, L. Shakespeare, and P. M. Stewart Weight Loss Increases 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Expression in Human Adipose Tissue J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2711 - 2716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. M. Morton, L. Ramage, and J. R. Seckl Down-Regulation of Adipose 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 by High-Fat Feeding in Mice: A Potential Adaptive Mechanism Counteracting Metabolic Disease Endocrinology, June 1, 2004; 145(6): 2707 - 2712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Paterson, N. M. Morton, C. Fievet, C. J. Kenyon, M. C. Holmes, B. Staels, J. R. Seckl, and J. J. Mullins Metabolic syndrome without obesity: Hepatic overexpression of 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in transgenic mice PNAS, May 4, 2004; 101(18): 7088 - 7093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. S. Schweizer, M. Zurcher, Z. Balazs, B. Dick, and A. Odermatt Rapid Hepatic Metabolism of 7-Ketocholesterol by 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: SPECIES-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RAT, HUMAN, AND HAMSTER ENZYME J. Biol. Chem., April 30, 2004; 279(18): 18415 - 18424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. M. Morton, J. M. Paterson, H. Masuzaki, M. C. Holmes, B. Staels, C. Fievet, B. R. Walker, J. S. Flier, J. J. Mullins, and J. R. Seckl Novel Adipose Tissue-Mediated Resistance to Diet-Induced Visceral Obesity in 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1-Deficient Mice Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 53(4): 931 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. R. Seckl, N. M. Morton, K. E. Chapman, and B. R. Walker Glucocorticoids and 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Adipose Tissue Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2004; 59(1): 359 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Westerbacka, H. Yki-Jarvinen, S. Vehkavaara, A.-M. Hakkinen, R. Andrew, D. J. Wake, J. R. Seckl, and B. R. Walker Body Fat Distribution and Cortisol Metabolism in Healthy Men: Enhanced 5{beta}-Reductase and Lower Cortisol/Cortisone Metabolite Ratios in Men with Fatty Liver J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2003; 88(10): 4924 - 4931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Wake, E. Rask, D. E. W. Livingstone, S. Soderberg, T. Olsson, and B. R. Walker Local and Systemic Impact of Transcriptional Up-Regulation of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Adipose Tissue in Human Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3983 - 3988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Mattsson, M. Lai, J. Noble, E. McKinney, J. L. Yau, J. R. Seckl, and B. R. Walker Obese Zucker Rats Have Reduced Mineralocorticoid Receptor and 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Expression in Hippocampus--Implications for Dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Obesity Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2997 - 3003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Lindsay, D. J. Wake, S. Nair, J. Bunt, D. E. W. Livingstone, P. A. Permana, P. A. Tataranni, and B. R. Walker Subcutaneous Adipose 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Activity and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Are Associated with Adiposity and Insulinemia in Pima Indians and Caucasians J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2738 - 2744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. R. Walker and R. Andrew Cortisol Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2951 - 2952. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Tomlinson, N. Crabtree, P. M. S. Clark, G. Holder, A. A. Toogood, C. H. L. Shackleton, and P. M. Stewart Low-Dose Growth Hormone Inhibits 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 but Has No Effect upon Fat Mass in Patients with Simple Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2003; 88(5): 2113 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. C. Andrews, O. Rooyackers, and B. R. Walker Effects of the 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Carbenoxolone on Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Type 2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 285 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. C. Andrews, O. Herlihy, D. E. W. Livingstone, R. Andrew, and B. R. Walker Abnormal Cortisol Metabolism and Tissue Sensitivity to Cortisol in Patients with Glucose Intolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5587 - 5593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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