| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Original Studies |
Department of Endocrinology, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Prof. A. B. Grossman, Department of Endocrinology, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom. E-mail: A.B.Grossman{at}mds.qmw.ac.uk
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Although mean serum albumin and total protein levels were within the normal reference ranges, in general, they gradually increased after treatment with maximal values being reached at 12 months after normalization of hypercortisolemia (P < 0.0001 for both); there were no significant changes in serum globulin levels or in the albumin to globulin ratio. Patients with CS as a whole showed a weak but significant negative correlation between serum albumin and 0900 h cortisol level (r = -0.303; P = 0.0035).
In conclusion, our data suggest that CS is associated with a small but significant reduction in circulating serum protein levels, which are restored following treatment of hypercortisolemia, although these changes occur within the reference range. Thus, extreme alterations in serum total protein or albumin levels in patients with CS should alert physicians to the presence of concomitant pathology, and additional specific investigation should be undertaken to elucidate the cause.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A decrease in serum protein and albumin levels has been reported in a small number of patients with CS (6) and in a series of patients with major depression (7), a condition frequently associated with increased cortisol secretion. Glucocorticoids may exert a permissive physiological effect on hepatic protein synthesis (8, 9), whereas either acute or chronic overexposure may affect the net protein balance by increasing catabolic pathways (10). Taken together, these data suggest dose- and time-dependent changes of the glucocorticoids on hepatic protein metabolism. This could be clinically important because variations in the expected levels of circulating hepatic proteins in states of cortisol excess might be taken to indicate underlying disease and, thus, knowledge of their expected level in CS should aid appropriate investigation, diagnosis, and treatment.
We undertook this retrospective analysis to investigate the effect of chronic endogenous hypercortisolemia on the basic indices of hepatic protein metabolism in a series of 99 patients with CS. Studies were performed before any therapy, after preoperative medical therapy with adrenolytic drugs, immediately after, and at fixed intervals following successful surgical treatment.
|
Subjects and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
We reviewed retrospectively the case records of all the 299 patients with CS seen at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in the years 1966–1997. CS was diagnosed on the basis of relevant clinical symptoms and signs, an elevated midnight sleeping serum cortisol, and a failure to suppress serum cortisol to less than 50 nmol/L on a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (dexamethasone, 0.5 mg 6-h for 48 h) (11, 12). The source of the excessive cortisol production was confirmed with relevant imaging studies and, where appropriate, inferior petrosal sinus sampling (12, 13). Two hundred patients were excluded from the analysis because of the presence of the following potentially confounding conditions that might affect protein levels: acute or chronic infection, diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose, >6.8 mmol/L), liver or kidney failure (with or without proteinuria), malignancy, autoimmune, chronic inflammatory, hematological or rheumatological disorders, or incomplete data. Patients receiving medication that could potentially affect protein metabolism were also excluded. Inclusion criteria were: a normal sedimentation rate, full blood count (including white blood cell count and differential), serum liver enzymes (alanine transferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase), bilirubin, blood glucose, urea and creatinine levels, and a normal urinalysis and urinary protein excretion.
A total of 99 patients (79 females) with CS fulfilled these criteria; eighty-one patients had pituitary-dependent CS [Cushing’s disease (CD)], whereas 10 patients had ACTH-independent cortisol excess (six adrenal adenomas and four nodular hyperplasias). Eight patients had an ectopic source of ACTH secretion (seven bronchial carcinoids and one unknown source). Patients were prepared for surgery, for at least a period of 6 weeks, with the cortisol-lowering agents metyrapone and/or ketoconazole to minimize surgical complications and promote tissue healing. A mean cortisol value (based on a five-point day curve) of 150–300 nmol/L was taken as the target range, because this reflects restoration of a normal 24-h cortisol production rate (14). Following surgical removal of the relevant lesion, patients who were cured (cortisol levels <50 nmo/L) were started on a standard glucocorticoid replacement therapy (prednisolone, either 5 mg on awakening and 2.5 mg at 1800 h; or hydrocortisone, 10 mg on awakening, 5 mg at 1200 h, and 5 mg at 1700 h) and reviewed regularly at 3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals to ensure remission and assess recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (11, 14). Hormonal deficiencies were treated with appropriate hormonal replacement. Twenty-one patients with CD were not cured following surgery; these patients were rendered eucortisolemic with either further surgery (n = 15), external beam radiotherapy (n = 4), and/or adrenolytic medication (n = 2). Six patients who were not cured following initial surgery were eucortisolemic during subsequent follow-up. Serum albumin, globulin, and total protein levels were assessed at diagnosis (basal value), immediately preoperatively, and postoperatively (within 48 h of the operation), and thereafter at 3, 6, and 12 months. In addition, to evaluate whether these parameters may be further altered by concomitant chronic pathology, a group of 17 patients with CS and diabetes mellitus (11 females and 6 males; 15 with CD, 1 with ectopic source of ACTH secretion, and 1 with an adrenal adenoma) on long-term oral hypoglycemics were analyzed separately.
Methods
All patients had complete biochemical and endocrine assessment, according to a standard protocol (11). Plasma cortisol was measured fluorometrically from 1966–1982 and afterward by a specific RIA (15). The cortisol value used for correlation with protein levels was the mean of five measurements taken during a day curve (14). Plasma ACTH levels were measured by an in-house RIA (16). Albumin and total protein determinations were performed colorimetrically; until 1989, albumin was measured using bromocresol green dye binding (BCG) (Techmcan SMA reagents) via a Hitachi 717 analyzer (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Lewis, East Sussex, UK); from 1989–1995 albumin was measured using BCG (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) via a Hitachi 717 analyzer, and from 1995 onward using BCG (Instrumentation Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire, UK) via IL 900 machinery, with coefficients of variation of 2.6% at 27g/L, 2.4% at 42g/L, and 1.9% at 52g/L, respectively. Total protein levels were measured using Technicon SMA reagents with SMA II machinery until 1989, from 1989–1995 using the SYS 2 717/911 reagent kit (Roche Molecular Biochemicals), and from 1995 onward using the Synermed protein kit (Monitor Bioscience, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK) using IL 900 machinery, with a coefficient of variation of 1.4% at 42g/L, 1.5% at 67g/L, and 1.2% at 83g/L, respectively. Globulin levels were calculated as the difference between total protein and albumin concentrations. The normal ranges for albumin and globulin (mean ± 2 SD, 35–50 g/L and 20–25 g/L, respectively) were derived from 100 healthy adult blood donors (age, 15–45 yr).
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed with StatView-4 software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA) by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni/Dunn post hoc tests. Correlation analysis between basal serum cortisol and serum protein levels was performed by linear regression. Statistical significance was taken as P less than 0.05.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
). Mean serum albumin level, although
also within the normal range, was also significantly lower compared
with values obtained after successful treatment (Table 1); there was no
difference between total protein or albumin values or in the other
routine biochemical indices obtained at initial presentation according
to the etiology of the hypercortisolemia or the concomitant presence of
diabetes mellitus (data not shown). Preoperative medical treatment with
cortisol-lowering drugs (i.e. metyrapone and/or
ketoconazole) resulted in a modest rise in mean serum albumin and
globulin levels in the group as a whole, but this did not reach
statistical significance (Fig. 1).
|
|
and Fig. 1).
There was a slight rise in serum globulin levels, which did not reach
statistical significance. There was no difference in either total
protein, albumin and/or globulin values, or in the any other routine
biochemical indices according to the etiology of the hypercortisolemia,
or between patients who obtained biochemical cure and patients who were
not cured but obtained normalization of circulating cortisol levels
(data not shown).
There was a strong positive correlation between the mean cortisol value
obtained from the five-point day curve and the 0900 h value
(r = +0.8, P < 0.001). There was a weak but
significant negative correlation between both serum albumin (Fig. 2) and serum total proteins and
0900 h serum cortisol for the group as a whole (r = -0.303,
P = 0.0035 and r = -0.372,
P = 0.0003, respectively). There was no correlation
between serum globulin and cortisol.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In this series of patients with CS, we found significantly lower serum albumin and total protein levels compared with those recorded at different intervals after restoration of normal serum cortisol levels. The absence of a significant change in the overall globulin synthesis cannot exclude alterations in globulin electrophoretic fractions that may be of particular clinical significance, because patients with CS may be immunocompromised (18) and routine inflammatory indices may be misleading. These changes were small in magnitude, normalized rapidly with medical or surgical therapy, and would not, in most cases, have produced levels outside of the normal range for our population. Therefore, as the magnitude of the changes is relatively minor, it is likely to be clinically significant only at the highest levels of serum cortisol. In general, while we did not systematically relate serum cortisol levels to clinical features, we have noted an approximate correlation between the integrated levels of cortisol (related to the mean cortisol levels and the length of history) and the clinical manifestations of CS. It is, therefore, likely that patients with the most severe manifestations of CS would be those showing lowest levels of serum protein and serum albumin.
The endocrine regulation of human protein metabolism is complex, being determined by a number of hormones such as adrenal steroids, insulin, thyroid hormones, GH, insulin-like growth factor I, sex steroids, glucagon, and catecholamines (1, 2). Because glucocorticoids participate in modulating this hormonal pattern, acute or chronic hypercortisolemia may affect albumin or globulin synthesis both directly and/or through interactions with other hormones. In our series, basally there was no difference in serum protein levels between diabetic and nondiabetic patients, therefore, probably excluding any major role of insulin resistance in affecting protein metabolism in CS. However, patients with CS exhibit subnormal GH levels and responses to dynamic tests (19), and GH deficiency might be considered as a contributor to the impaired nitrogen balance because it has previously been demonstrated that GH has powerful protein anabolic effects in patients with CS (20). Nevertheless, it is likely that in vivo the GH/insulin-like growth factor I axis exerts only very minor effects on hepatic protein synthesis (21). Similarly, although alterations of either thyroid or gonadal hormones have been shown to influence net protein metabolism (1), it is unlikely that may have affected our results as anterior hormonal pituitary deficiencies were sought for and, where present, adequately treated with hormonal replacement.
It is also possible that extra-hormonal factors might have contributed to decreasing albumin and total protein levels in our patients. These include possible subtle protein-calorie malnutrition, immunosuppression, and changes in extracellular volume, which are often present in CS. Thus, Lotsikas et al. (22) have recently demonstrated that cure of CS is associated with a decrease in interleukin 10 production, and these or other cytokines may be involved in changes in hepatic albumin synthesis. Whereas it has been suggested that normalization of serum cortisol levels in CS may cause some degree of hemodilution, this would have been associated with a fall in protein and albumin levels, rather than the rise that we observed. Furthermore, measurement of changes of total exchangeable sodium in adult patients with CS suggests that the role of sodium retention is minor (23). It is, therefore, unlikely that the changes we have recorded may be secondary to alterations in blood volume.
In conclusion, we have observed in our patients with chronic hypercortisolememia a small but significant reduction in both serum albumin and total protein levels, although both remained within the normal range in the great majority of patients. Only in patients with markedly elevated serum cortisol levels was the reduction of serum proteins of any magnitude. The fall in both albumin and total protein was restored with treatment of the hypercortisolemia. Although it is probable that these changes are a direct consequence of the elevated circulating cortisol levels, their precise mechanism is currently undefined. The minor nature of the changes reported suggests that any significant abnormality in serum albumin or globulin levels in a patient with CS requires specific investigation to exclude another concomitant underlying pathology.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Received November 19, 1999.
Revised March 12, 2000.
Accepted June 7, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  F. P. Giraldi, M. Moro, and F. Cavagnini Gender-Related Differences in the Presentation and Course of Cushing's Disease J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1554 - 1558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Endocrinology | Endocrine Reviews | J. Clin. End. & Metab. |
| Molecular Endocrinology | Recent Prog. Horm. Res. | All Endocrine Journals |
, patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome; 
,
patients with ACTH-independent CS. Shaded area reflects
the reference range values for serum albumin (35–50 g/L).