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Original Studies |
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ancona and the Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino (M.T., G.Os., A.Al., A.An.), Italy
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Franco Mantero, M.D., Clinica di Endocrinologia, Az. Ospedaliera "Umberto I", sede d’Torrette, 60100 Ancona, Italy. E-mail: clendo{at}popcsi.unian.it
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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These results indicate that mass size is the most reliable variable in separating benign from malignant AI. Adrenalectomy should be recommended for AI greater than 4.0 cm because of the increased risk of malignancy, especially in young patients. Endocrine evaluation should be performed in all patients to identify silent states of hormone excess.
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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A encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of pathological entities. Most of these masses are benign cortical adenomas, but one should be aware that some may represent primary or secondary malignancies (5). The differentiation between benign and malignant lesions is the first critical issue.
The other major point to address is whether these tumors, which are usually asymptomatic, are indeed secretory and may cause subclinical forms of Cushing’s syndrome, catecholamine excess, hyperaldosteronism, or hyperandrogenism (2, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Due to the great heterogeneity, the relatively small number of cases in each series, and the lack of long term follow-up, clear guidelines on the diagnostic and management strategies of AI have yet to be drawn (1, 5, 9, 10). The economic aspect of the problem has not to be underestimated, because the detection of adrenal masses as an incidental finding with imaging techniques will be ever growing in the future, and an extensive endocrine work-up is required to recognize hormonal abnormalities. The aim of the present study was to perform a national survey on AI under the auspices of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. The study includes 1096 cases of AI collected in 26 centers during a 15-yr period.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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According to the definition of AI (adrenal mass detected incidentally
during an imaging work-up performed for extraadrenal complaints),
exclusion criteria a priori were severe or paroxysmal
hypertension, hypokalemia (
3.5 mEq/L), and clinical signs of
hypercortisolism or hyperandrogenism. In addition, patients with
previous or concurrent history of malignancies known to metastasize
commonly in the adrenal glands, such as lung, breast, and kidney
cancers and melanoma, were considered noneligible. Details concerning
patients were obtained retrospectively from their medical records by
means of a specifically tailored questionnaire. A detailed explanation
of all items of the questionnaire was included. All of the
questionnaires were individually checked for inconsistencies before
statistical analysis. Double inclusion of the same patient was checked
and avoided.
The characterization of an adrenal mass by high resolution imaging techniques such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was indispensable for inclusion in the study. Therefore, diagnoses made by ultrasonographic (US) scan were included only if confirmed by CT or MRI. Imaging characteristics were reported on the basis of radiologists’ descriptions, because a central review of CT scans was not performed. Therefore, only the CT estimate of the mass size was considered for statistical analysis; the other CT characteristics were too much dependent on personal interpretation.
A large section of the questionnaire was dedicated to endocrinological data, which were heterogeneous due to the multicentric, retrospective nature of the study. Baseline data included determinations of urinary free cortisol (UFC; n = 611), plasma ACTH (n = 535), serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S; n = 700), serum 17- hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP; n = 502), serum testosterone (n = 487), upright plasma aldosterone and PRA (n = 493), catecholamine (n = 369), and vanillylmandelic acid (n = 389) urinary excretion. Serum cortisol determinations at evening or night to gauge the 24-h cortisol rhythm were available for 393 patients. Dynamic tests included overnight 1-mg dexamethasone test (n = 543), 100-µg CRH test (n = 159), and 250-µg ACTH test [ACTH- (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24); n = 264]. Hormonal data were recorded as raw data and described qualitatively as high, normal, or low according to the reference limits applied in each center. Dexamethasone suppression was considered adequate when morning cortisol fell below 5 µg/dL, and a 17-OHP peak response to ACTH higher than 5 ng/mL was considered enhanced. Patients qualified for subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (SCS) when two or more basal or dynamic tests of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function were abnormal.
Histological diagnoses were reported according to the original description without a central review of pathological specimens. However, common criteria were followed for diagnosing adrenal carcinoma without metastatic involvement. They were based mainly upon the presence of regressive changes (necrosis, hemorrhage, fibrosis, or calcification); invasion of the adrenal capsule, blood vessel wall, or both; and atypical mitotic figures (11).
Of 1096 collected cases, 1004 were considered eligible for epidemiological and hormonal evaluation, and 92 were excluded because demographic data, high resolution imaging studies of the adrenal glands, or hormonal evaluation were lacking. All data were analyzed with a software program (StatView 4.0, Statistica, Microsoft Corp., Tulsa, OK) run on a personal computer.
The Mann-Whitney U and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used for
continuous variables as appropriate. A multivariate ANOVA with
Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons was used to evaluate
mass size or patient age in relation to histology. A
2 test for 2 x 2 tables was used for
categorical variables. Correlation analysis was performed using the
Spearman rank correlation method. The occurrence of adrenal carcinoma
as a function of age, gender, indication for imaging study, and size of
the mass was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. To
evaluate the diagnostic value of different diameter cut-offs for
identifying adrenal carcinoma, the standard methods for calculating
sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were used. To analyze
the end point of the test at multiple values of diameter without the
bias of predetermined criteria, univariate curves of the receiver
operating characteristic (ROC) were constructed by plotting the
sensitivity against 1 - specificity at each measured diameter.
The point on a ROC curve closest to a sensitivity of 100% and a 1
- specificity of 0% provides the optimal cut-off. In addition, the
area under the ROC curve was calculated by trapezoidal integration.
Values for the area can be between 0–1; a value of 0.5 means that the
diagnostic test is no better than chance. Data were expressed as the
median and range. Missing data were dealt with by excluding patients
from particular analyses if their files did not contain data on the
required variables. When data were expressed as percent values, these
were referring to valid cases. Levels of statistical significance were
set at P < 0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The overall number of questionnaires received was 1096. After careful scrutiny of the data, 1004 forms were retained for final analysis. Demographic characteristics were as follows: 420 males and 584 females (42% vs. 58%; P < 0.001) aged between 15–86 yr (median, 58 yr; mean ± SD, 56 ± 12.9 yr). Fifty-nine percent of the subjects were in their 50s and 60s.
The reasons for an abdominal imaging procedure were aspecific symptoms (36%); abdominal pain (36%), including either an ill-defined discomfort or biliary and renal colic; postsurgery follow-up (8%); acute abdomen (1.5%); abdominal trauma (1.5%); and other (17%). No significant difference in the indications by gender was apparent.
About half of the overall series was recruited since 1990. The
possibility of ascertainment bias in more recent cases was tested
evaluating separately these patients. Demographic and clinical data
were superimposable to those of the overall series (Table 1
). In the overall series, hypertension
was observed in 362 patients (41%; missing data, 12%), diabetes in 87
(10%; missing, 13%), and obesity in 233 (28%; missing, 18%). No
significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, or
obesity were found among adenomas, carcinomas, or pheochromocytomas. In
particular, 19 of 42 patients with pheochromocytoma (45%) were
normotensive.
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Patients who underwent adrenalectomy were significantly younger than
patients not operated on (median age, 55 yr; range, 15–84;
vs. 60, 18–86 yr; P < 0.001). Demographic
characteristics and CT diameter of the various histological types are
given in Table 2. Female patients
outnumbered males, except in the groups of adrenal carcinomas,
pheochromocytomas, and metastases. The age difference was statistically
significant between some groups, in particular patients with cortical
carcinomas were younger than patients with cortical adenomas (Table 2).
Abdominal pain was the most common reason leading to the discovery of
an adrenal carcinoma compared with adenoma [25 (54%) vs.
63 (34%); P = 0.008]. The stratification of
adrenocortical cancers by size did not disclose any significant
correlation between frequency of abdominal pain and mass size. The
frequency of pain as a reason for imaging abdominal study was lower in
pheochromocytomas and myelolipomas, notwithstanding the large average
size of these masses.
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The hormonal data showed that 854 (85%) incidentalomas could be classified as nonhypersecreting adrenal masses, 92 (9.2%) as SCS, 42 (4.2%) as pheochromocytomas, and 16 (1.6%) as aldosterone-producing adenomas. The endocrine evaluation of 854 nonhypersecreting adrenal masses showed the following single alterations in the HPA axis: abnormal circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol in 17% (56 of 333), blunted ACTH response to CRH stimulation in 17% (22 of 130), low morning ACTH levels in 15% (69 of 457), UFC levels above normal in 11% (61 of 530), and cortisol not adequately suppressed by dexamethasone in 10% (46 of 460). DHEA-S levels were normal in 59% (344 of 580), decreased in 34% (195 of 580), and increased in 7% (41 of 580).
Ninety-two patients qualified for SCS (4 of these were cortical
carcinomas). SCS was associated with mild to moderate hypertension in
41% of cases, with diabetes in 8%, and with obesity in 38%. The
comparison between SCS and nonhypersecreting adenomas yielded a
significant difference only for the prevalence of obesity (29 of 77
vs. 206 of 747; P = 0.026). In patients with
SCS, the rate of abnormalities was as follows: low ACTH in 79% (62 of
78), above normal UFC in 75% (59 of 78), cortisol nonsuppressibility
after 1 mg dexamethasone in 73% (61 of 83), blunted ACTH response to
CRH in 55% (16 of 29), and disturbed cortisol rhythm in 43% (27 of
63; Fig. 1). Two abnormalities more
frequently associated with SCS were altered dexamethasone test with low
ACTH in 55% (42 of 76) and altered dexamethasone test with above
normal UFC in 50% (34 of 69). The operating characteristics of the
most frequently employed endocrine tests for qualifying patients as SCS
are shown in Table 3. DHEA-S
levels were normal in 44% (23 of 52), decreased in 50% (26 of 52),
and increased in 6% (3 of 52). The percentage of DHEA-S
reduction did not change by stratifying the patients by age (<50 yr
and 50 yr or more) either in nonhypersecreting masses (34%
vs. 36%) or in SCS (47% vs. 52%).
DHEA-S levels were normal in 59% (73 of 124), reduced in
38% (47 of 124), and elevated in 3% (4 of 124) of histologically
proven adenomas, whereas for carcinomas they were 62% (18 of 29), 21%
(6 of 29), and 17% (5 of 29), respectively. High DHEA-S
levels were more frequently found in carcinomas than in adenomas
(P = 0.03). Considering the patients younger than 50
yr, increased DHEA-S concentrations were found in 28% (4
of 14) of carcinomas and in 2% (1 of 35) of adenomas
(P = 0.02). The sensitivity and specificity of low
DHEA-S as a marker of SCS were 50% and 65%,
respectively; negative and positive predictive values were 89% and
10%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of high
DHEA-S as a marker of cortical carcinoma were 17% and
93%, respectively; negative and positive predictive values were 95%
and 10%, respectively.
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Specific biochemical data were available for 31 patients with
pheochromocytoma. Urinary catecholamines were elevated in 86% (19 of
22), plasma catecholamines in 60% (6 of 10), and urinary VMA in
54% (11 of 20), respectively (Fig. 2).
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Adrenal masses were detected by abdominal US in 631 cases (71%), by CT in 247 (28%), and by MRI in 9 (1%). In 117 cases it was not possible to recognize which was the first examination. US scan was more frequently employed when the indication was screening for nonspecific symptoms [246 (40%) in US series vs. 66 (29%) in CT series; P < 0.001]. All US diagnoses were confirmed by high definition imaging procedures.
Masses were more frequent on the right than on the left side [596
(59%) vs. 307 (31%); P < 0.001], whereas
bilateral masses were 101 (10%). The side difference was no longer
apparent when considering only the 247 cases diagnosed by CT (Table 4). In US series, right-sided masses were
smaller than left-sided ones (3.0, 1.0–25 vs. 3.5, 0.5–15
cm; P = 0.002), whereas no difference by side was
observed in the masses diagnosed by CT (right side, 2.8, 1.0–10 cm;
left side, 2.5, 1.0–13 cm; P = NS).
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The mass size estimated by CT was significantly larger in the surgical
series than in patients not operated on (4.0, 1–25 vs. 2.5,
0.5–24 cm; P < 0.001). Analysis of the distribution
of mass size by histology showed that adenomas were smaller than
carcinomas, although there was a clear overlap (Fig. 4 and Table 2
). Adenomas were more
frequently located on the right side (61%) even when considering only
the cases discovered by CT. Logistic regression analysis of age,
gender, indication for imaging study, and mass size as predictors of
the risk of cortical carcinoma disclosed a significant correlation only
for mass size (r = 0.44; P < 0.001). The
diagnostic power of different cut-off values for mass size (CT
measurement) in the identification of primary adrenocortical cancer is
reported in Table 5. The point on the ROC
curve closest to 1 corresponded to a diameter of 5 cm. The area under
the curve was 0.84, which is significantly greater than that occurring
by chance (P < 0.001).
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NP-59 adrenal scintigraphy was performed in 351 patients (35%). As
concomitant dexamethasone suppression was applied in only 39 cases
(11%), they were excluded from further analysis. The findings of
scintigraphic studies are given in Table 6. A lateralizing pattern of uptake
(unilateral concordant or asymmetric with prevalence on the mass side)
was observed in 97% of histologically proven adenomas. NP-59
scintigraphy was performed in 6 carcinomas, a discordant uptake was
observed in 5, and a concordant uptake was found in 1.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The age distribution of the present series is wide, skewed toward older ages, and peaks in the sixth decade, as previously reported (5, 12). This pattern could merely reflect a higher number of diagnostic procedures in aged patients, or it could be explained by an increased occurrence of cortical nodules with age, as observed in unselected autopsy series (13, 14). Focal nodular proliferation of cortical cells could indeed represent compensatory hyperplasia in response to local ischemic damage and atrophy (15).
The higher number of women observed in the present study confirms the results of some large radiological series (12, 16). This figure could be partly explained by a referral bias (i.e. more imaging studies are recommended for women due to higher prevalence of biliary disease), as nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas occur with comparable frequency in men and women in autopsy series (13, 14).
US scan was the imaging technique leading to the detection of the adrenal mass in about 70% of cases. This figure reflects the widespread use of this technique in Italy for general screening and in the diagnostic work-up of abdominal pain.
In the present study, AI were most frequently found on the right side. This finding is probably due to the better US visualization of the right adrenal gland (17); US scanning is the diagnostic technique used in most cases. No side difference, considering mass number or size, was apparent in the series discovered by CT scan, in agreement with previous reports (12, 18).
Adrenal scintiscan was widely employed as a second step imaging procedure. The results of scintigraphic studies were suggestive for benign cortical adenomas in most cases with a lateralizing pattern of NP-59 uptake, either monolateral or bilateral asymmetric, concordant with the side of the mass (19, 20). A discordant pattern was demonstrated in only 7% of the overall series and in 1.5% of histologically proven cortical adenomas. The present results confirm the utility of scintigraphic scan in the differentiation between benign and malignant masses.
The analysis of the hormonal data collected in the present study confirms that an endocrine work-up of patients with AI leads to the detection of a remarkable number of subclinical hormone-producing tumors and could result in an early cure. Clinically silent hypercortisolism was diagnosed in 9.2% of the overall series, whereas silent catecholamine hypersecretion was detected in about 4.2%, and unsuspected hyperaldosteronism in only 1.6%.
The demonstration of autonomous cortisol secretion by an AI, defining the so-called SCS, is still a matter of debate (7, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23). This uncertainty arises from the definition of AI (mass discovered serendipitously in the absence of overt signs or symptoms of adrenal disease), which makes any definition of SCS based only on endocrine data somewhat arbitrary. In the present study we adopted the criteria of two or more abnormal results in the tests used to study the HPA axis for defining SCS. The association of cortisol unsuppressibility after 1 mg dexamethasone with either low ACTH levels or above normal UFC excretion was the most frequent combination encountered. Reincke et al. (8) reported that UFC determination has a low diagnostic value in SCS, as elevated UFC is a late finding in the evolution from subclinical to overt Cushing’s syndrome. In the present series a slight increase in UFC excretion was otherwise found in 75% of cases, whereas alteration of cortisol rhythm was less frequently found. This discrepancy is possibly due to the different criteria used for the definition of SCS. Considering the effectiveness of a single endocrine test in the evaluation of HPA axis, UFC, baseline ACTH, and dexamethasone suppression test all displayed comparable sensitivity for the detection of slight cortisol excess. On the other hand, UFC and dexamethasone suppression tests showed better specificity. This finding is not surprising, because they represent the most useful tests to diagnose hypercortisolism (24). High dose dexamethasone suppression tests and different thresholds to gauge cortisol suppressibility were proposed for the evaluation of silent hypercortisolism (8, 22). In the present study the overnight 1-mg test with the classic limit of 5 µg/dL was employed, as this test is the most widely accepted to screen for hypercortisolism (24).
Although patients with Cushing’s syndrome have clearly established complications, the morbidity of patients with subclinical disease is less clear, and controversy exists on the risk of progression from subclinical to overt hypercortisolism (8, 21, 22, 23, 25). However, recent evidence suggests that SCS might also be associated with increased risk for hypertension, diabetes, obesity, or osteoporosis (8, 13, 26, 27, 28). In the present study the prevalences of hypertension (41%) and diabetes (8%) in SCS are similar to those reported in the overall series of AI included in this study and are not much different from general population (29, 30, 31, 32). Despite the slightly significant association between SCS and obesity (38%), the present data do not support the view of increased morbidity in patients exposed to silent cortisol excess.
Another commonly observed endocrine alteration in our series was an enhanced 17-OHP peak after ACTH, as previously reported (6, 33, 34). This pattern of response was found in about half of the patients with cortical tumors, without a significant difference between unilateral and bilateral masses or between benign and malignant lesions. The majority of the patients with SCS (68%) showed an enhanced response of 17-OHP at variance with previously published data (34). In that study, however, the threshold for an elevated 17-OHP response was set at 10 ng/mL. It is unlikely that such a high percentage of patients have the variant form of congenital 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Therefore, our data showing the coexistence of high 17-OHP response after ACTH and of autonomous cortisol secretion support the hypothesis that reduced 21-hydroxylase reserve is a sign of altered intratumoral steroidogenesis.
Clinically silent pheochromocytoma was the second most prevalent form of hyperfunctioning tumor, appearing in 4.2% of all masses. About half of the patients with pheochromocytoma were normotensive; this finding confirms that this tumor may present with mild symptomatology, if any (35, 36, 37). An early diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, by determination of urinary catecholamines in all adrenal masses, is important to avoid the likelihood of future hypertensive crises and an eventual perioperative mortality, which was observed in 50% of the patients harboring pheochromocytoma unrecognized before surgery (35). It is of practical importance to point out that 73% of histologically proven pheochromocytomas were larger than 4 cm. This figure is comparable to the average size of tumors presenting with characteristic symptoms (37).
The most infrequent form of hypersecreting tumor within this series was aldosterone-producing adenoma, even if this may be due to the exclusion criteria of our study (hypokalemia, severe hypertension). If only 60% of cases with hyperaldosteronism had slightly decreased potassium levels, all such patients, however, had hypertension and suppressed upright PRA levels. An apparently normal aldosterone level was found in 31% of cases, but an upright plasma aldosterone to PRA ratio was elevated in all cases, suggesting the use of this test for the screening, in keeping with recent literature (38, 39).
The multicentric and retrospective design of the study did not allow for a comprehensive central review of pathological specimens. However, the main criteria adopted for histological diagnosis of adrenal cancer were in agreement with those widely accepted (11, 40, 41). Notwithstanding this limit, some interesting issues stem from the analysis of such a large cohort of surgically treated patients. The main finding is that adrenocortical carcinoma is not rare even if the majority of AI are benign. Assuming that all of the lesions not operated on were benign, even in the case of loss of some carcinomas in this group, the overall frequency was approximately 4%. This figure fits well with a recent meta-analysis reporting 26 adrenal cancers over 630 incidentalomas (median, 4%; range, 0–25%) (42).
Some demographic and clinical features can help in differentiating adrenal cancer from adrenal adenoma. Adrenal cancer presented at younger ages without a gender predominance, whereas cortical adenoma was more frequently found in older patients and in women. These findings do not agree with those observed in previous series of silent carcinomas, where men outnumbered women and elderly patients were predominantly affected (43, 44). Abdominal pain was the most frequent indication for an imaging study when the histological diagnosis was adrenal carcinoma, as a likely consequence of local infiltration, intratumoral hemorrhage, or necrosis.
Overall, cortical adenomas were the smallest lesions, whereas carcinomas were the largest ones, even if some overlap was present. These findings confirm that the risk of a primary adrenal malignancy is related to the mass size (45). The correlation, however, is far from perfect, as different types of adrenal lesions presented as large masses. In the literature, the cut-off points proposed ranged from 2.5–6.0 cm (4, 12, 16, 18, 45, 46). The diagnostic value of different cut-off points was evaluated, and a threshold at 4 cm proved to have the highest sensitivity (93%); the specificity was low because the rate of benign lesions exceeded that of malignant ones. Even if a value of 5 cm displayed a slightly better performance on the ROC curve than a value of 4 cm, we believe that sensitivity has to be privileged for a screening purpose of an aggressive tumor such as adrenal cancer (40, 41).
Hormonal data could aid in this differential diagnosis because a great elevation of adrenal androgens, and in particular of DHEA-S, gives a clue to the presence of a primary adrenal malignancy (5, 7). In our series, high DHEA-S levels were observed in a minority of patients with adrenal carcinoma, whereas this finding is exceptional in patients with benign adenomas. However, a high DHEA-S level had insufficient sensitivity to be proposed as a screening test. Conversely, low DHEA-S levels were frequently observed in patients with AI even if the rate of this finding was lower than previously reported (6, 7).
In summary, the present survey provides an adequate database to derive management guidelines. The main challenge is to assess an adrenal mass for the possibility of malignancy. The assessment of mass size remains the single most useful determinant of the nature of silent adrenal lesions, but management strategies based only on this parameter are not completely satisfactory. The decision to proceed surgically must result from a careful evaluation of a number of risk determinants, including mass size, imaging features, hormonal data, patient age, and the presence of abdominal pain balanced against the operative risk. Moreover, endocrine evaluation of AI can lead to the identification of a remarkable number of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytomas and of subtle hypercortisolism in patients with cortical adenomas. Finally, the real clinical relevance of silent hypercortisolism, or SCS, remains to be fully addressed.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 The other doctors and participating centers of the Study Group on
Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology in alphabetical
order are: 1) R. Scardapane, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Ospedale
Miulli, Acquaviva delle Fonti (BA); 2) A. Del Gaudio and G. Solidoro,
Clinica Chirurgica IV, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of
Bologna; 3) A. Giustina and P. Perini, Sezione Endocrinologia, Clinica
Medica II, Spedali Civili, University of Brescia; 4) G. Borretta and G.
Magro, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Cuneo; 5) E. Degli Uberti
and M. Campo, Cattedra Endocrinologia, University of Ferrara; 6) M.
Mannelli and M. Serio, Dip. Fisiopatologia Endocrina, University
of Firenze; 7) Marugo and D. Bernasconi, Divisione di
Endocrinologia, Ospedale Galliera, Genova; 8) F. Virgili and
Riva, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Civile, Mestre; 9)
B. Ambrosi and E. Passini, Istituto Scienze Endocrine, Ospedale
Maggiore IRCCS, Milan; 10) F. Cavagnini and C. Invitti, Centro
Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Luca, Mileno; 11) P. Loli and F.
Vignati, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Niguarda, Mileno;
12) R. Rossi, L. Tauchmanova, and A Luciano, Dipartimento di
Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, University Federico
II, Napoli; 13) M. Boscaro and G. Favia, Istituto Semeiotica
Medica e Divisione di Endocrinochirurgia, University of Padova; 14) F.
Santeusanio and S. Laureti, Di.M.I.S.E.M. , University of
Perugia; 15) G. P. Bernini and A. Moretti, Dipartimento Medicina
Interna, University of Pisa; 16) R. Valcavi, A. Frasoldati, and I.
Portioli, Servizio di Endocrinologia, Area Medica I, Arcispedale S.
Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia; 17) C. Letizia and E. D’Erasmo, Clinica
Medica II, University La Sapienza, Rome; 18) A. Liuzzi, M. Ghiggi, and
M. Torlontano, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Civile, S.
Giovanni Rotondo (FG); 19) F. Camanni and E. Mazza, Divisione di
Endocrinologia, Dip. Fisiopatologia Clinica, Ospedale Molinette,
University of Torino; 20) D. Fonzo, Divisione di Endocrinologia,
Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino; 21) M. Messina and D. Flecchia, Divisione
di Endocrinologia, Torino; 22) F. Bertolissi and F. Grimaldi, Servizio
Endocrinologia, Ospedale SM Misericordia, Udine; 23) V. Lo Cascio, G.
Francia, and A. Orsolini, Cattedra Medicina Interna, Istituto
Semeiotica e Nefrologia Medica, University of Verona; and 24) M.
Muggeo, L. Furlani, and R. Castello, Cattedra Malattie Metabolismo,
Ospedale Civile Maggiore, University of Verona.
Received March 23, 1999.
Revised October 18, 1999.
Accepted October 22, 1999.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-Hydroxyprogesterone response to ACTH stimulation as evidence of
decreased 21-hydroxylase activity in patients with incidentally
discovered adrenal tumours ("incidentalomas"). Clin Endocrinol
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M. Sereg, A. Szappanos, J. Toke, K. Karlinger, K. Feldman, E. Kaszper, I. Varga, E. Glaz, K. Racz, and M. Toth Atherosclerotic risk factors and complications in patients with non-functioning adrenal adenomas treated with or without adrenalectomy: a long-term follow-up study Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2009; 160(4): 647 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Henneman, Y. Chang, R. A. Hodin, and D. L. Berger Effect of Laparoscopy on the Indications for Adrenalectomy Arch Surg, March 1, 2009; 144(3): 255 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Fagour, S. Bardet, V. Rohmer, Y. Arimone, P. Lecomte, N. Valli, and A. Tabarin Usefulness of adrenal scintigraphy in the follow-up of adrenocortical incidentalomas: a prospective multicenter study Eur. J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2009; 160(2): 257 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-L. Nunes, S. Vattaut, J.-B. Corcuff, A. Rault, H. Loiseau, B. Gatta, N. Valli, L. Letenneur, and A. Tabarin Late-Night Salivary Cortisol for Diagnosis of Overt and Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome in Hospitalized and Ambulatory Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2009; 94(2): 456 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Kola, M. Christ-Crain, F. Lolli, G. Arnaldi, G. Giacchetti, M. Boscaro, A. B. Grossman, and M. Korbonits Changes in Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase as a Mechanism of Visceral Obesity in Cushing's Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2008; 93(12): 4969 - 4973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Friedrich-Rust, G. Schneider, R. M. Bohle, E. Herrmann, C. Sarrazin, S. Zeuzem, and J. Bojunga Contrast-Enhanced Sonography of Adrenal Masses: Differentiation of Adenomas and Nonadenomatous Lesions Am. J. Roentgenol., December 1, 2008; 191(6): 1852 - 1860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P K Singh and H N Buch Adrenal incidentaloma: evaluation and management J. Clin. Pathol., November 1, 2008; 61(11): 1168 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Funder, R. M. Carey, C. Fardella, C. E. Gomez-Sanchez, F. Mantero, M. Stowasser, W. F. Young Jr., and V. M. Montori Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2008; 93(9): 3266 - 3281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. T. Adler, G. Y. Meyer-Rochow, H. Chen, D. E. Benn, B. G. Robinson, R. S. Sippel, and S. B. Sidhu Pheochromocytoma: Current Approaches and Future Directions Oncologist, July 1, 2008; 13(7): 779 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Song, F. S. Chaudhry, and W. W. Mayo-Smith The Incidental Adrenal Mass on CT: Prevalence of Adrenal Disease in 1,049 Consecutive Adrenal Masses in Patients with No Known Malignancy Am. J. Roentgenol., May 1, 2008; 190(5): 1163 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. DeWitt Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration of Right Adrenal Masses: Report of 2 Cases J. Ultrasound Med., February 1, 2008; 27(2): 261 - 267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Bernichtein, E. Petretto, S. Jamieson, A. Goel, T. J. Aitman, J. M. Mangion, and I. T. Huhtaniemi Adrenal Gland Tumorigenesis after Gonadectomy in Mice Is a Complex Genetic Trait Driven by Epistatic Loci Endocrinology, February 1, 2008; 149(2): 651 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Ilias, A. Sahdev, R. H Reznek, A. B Grossman, and K. Pacak The optimal imaging of adrenal tumours: a comparison of different methods Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2007; 14(3): 587 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Lee, R. Zarnegar, W. T. Shen, E. Kebebew, O. H. Clark, and Q.-Y. Duh Adrenal Incidentaloma, Borderline Elevations of Urine or Plasma Metanephrine Levels, and the "Subclinical" Pheochromocytoma Arch Surg, September 1, 2007; 142(9): 870 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. K Johnsen, M. Slawik, I. Shapiro, M. F Hartmann, S. A Wudy, B. D Looyenga, G. D Hammer, M. Reincke, and F. Beuschlein Gonadectomy in mice of the inbred strain CE/J induces proliferation of sub-capsular adrenal cells expressing gonadal marker genes. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 190(1): 47 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Allolio and M. Fassnacht Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Clinical Update J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2027 - 2037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Bulow, S. Jansson, C. Juhlin, L. Steen, M. Thoren, H. Wahrenberg, S. Valdemarsson, B. Wangberg, B. Ahreen, and on behalf of the Swedish Research Council Study Gr Adrenal incidentaloma - follow-up results from a Swedish prospective study. Eur. J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 154(3): 419 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S.-i. Takeda, M. Minami, Y. Inoue, and H. Matsuda Synchronous Mediastinal Ganglioneuroma and Retroperitoneal Pheochromocytoma Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2005; 80(4): 1525 - 1527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R Nawar and D Aron Adrenal incidentalomas -- a continuing management dilemma Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2005; 12(3): 585 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Terzolo, S. Bovio, A. Pia, P. A. Conton, G. Reimondo, C. Dall'Asta, D. Bemporad, A. Angeli, G. Opocher, M. Mannelli, et al. Midnight serum cortisol as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with a clinically inapparent adrenal adenoma Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 153(2): 307 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. G. Dluhy, M. M. Maher, and C.-L. Wu Case 7-2005 - A 59-Year-Old Woman with an Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Nodule N. Engl. J. Med., March 10, 2005; 352(10): 1025 - 1032. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M Seccia, A. Fassina, G. G Nussdorfer, A. C Pessina, and G. P. Rossi Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma: an unusual cause of Conn's syndrome with an ominous clinical course Endocr. Relat. Cancer, March 1, 2005; 12(1): 149 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. de Fraipont, M. El Atifi, N. Cherradi, G. Le Moigne, G. Defaye, R. Houlgatte, J. Bertherat, X. Bertagna, P.-F. Plouin, E. Baudin, et al. Gene Expression Profiling of Human Adrenocortical Tumors Using Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid Microarrays Identifies Several Candidate Genes as Markers of Malignancy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1819 - 1829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. H. Hamrahian, A. G. Ioachimescu, E. M. Remer, G. Motta-Ramirez, H. Bogabathina, H. S. Levin, S. Reddy, I. S. Gill, A. Siperstein, and E. L. Bravo Clinical Utility of Noncontrast Computed Tomography Attenuation Value (Hounsfield Units) to Differentiate Adrenal Adenomas/Hyperplasias from Nonadenomas: Cleveland Clinic Experience J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 871 - 877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. A. Kaltsas, G. M. Besser, and A. B. Grossman The Diagnosis and Medical Management of Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 458 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Minn, A. Salonen, J. Friberg, A. Roivainen, T. Viljanen, J. Langsjo, J. Salmi, M. Valimaki, K. Nagren, and P. Nuutila Imaging of Adrenal Incidentalomas with PET Using 11C-Metomidate and 18F-FDG J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2004; 45(6): 972 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Mansmann, J. Lau, E. Balk, M. Rothberg, Y. Miyachi, and S. R. Bornstein The Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Mass: Update in Diagnosis and Management Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2004; 25(2): 309 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L Zendron, J Fehrenbach, C Taverna, and M Krause Pitfalls in the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma BMJ, March 13, 2004; 328(7440): 629 - 630. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Arnaldi, A. Angeli, A. B. Atkinson, X. Bertagna, F. Cavagnini, G. P. Chrousos, G. A. Fava, J. W. Findling, R. C. Gaillard, A. B. Grossman, et al. Diagnosis and Complications of Cushing's Syndrome: A Consensus Statement J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5593 - 5602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Catargi, V. Rigalleau, A. Poussin, N. Ronci-Chaix, V. Bex, V. Vergnot, H. Gin, P. Roger, and A. Tabarin Occult Cushing's Syndrome in Type-2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5808 - 5813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Minowada, T. Fujimura, N. Takahashi, H. Kishi, K. Hasuo, and M. Minami Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Acetic Acid Injection Therapy for Functioning Adrenocortical Adenoma J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5814 - 5817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. M. Manger In Search of Pheochromocytomas J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 4080 - 4082. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. La Cava, A. Imperiale, C. Olianti, G. R. Gheri, C. Ladu, M. Mannelli, and A. Pupi SPECT Semiquantitative Analysis of Adrenocortical 131I-6{beta}-Iodomethyl-Norcholesterol Uptake to Discriminate Subclinical and Preclinical Functioning Adrenal Incidentaloma J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2003; 44(7): 1057 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Mancini, B. Kola, F. Mantero, and G. Arnaldi Functional and Nonfunctional Adrenocortical Tumors Demonstrate a High Responsiveness to Low-Dose Adrenocorticotropin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2003; 88(5): 1994 - 1998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Angeli and M. Terzolo Adrenal Incidentaloma--A Modern Disease with Old Complications J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 4869 - 4871. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Tauchmanova, R. Rossi, B. Biondi, M. Pulcrano, V. Nuzzo, E.-A. Palmieri, S. Fazio, and G. Lombardi Patients with Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome due to Adrenal Adenoma Have Increased Cardiovascular Risk J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 4872 - 4878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y Inoue, M Akahane, T Kitazawa, H Ijichi, S Obi, K Yoshikawa, K Ohtomo, and M Omata False positive uptake of metaiodobenzylguanidine in hepatocellular carcinoma Br. J. Radiol., June 1, 2002; 75(894): 548 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Terzolo, A. Pia, A. Ali, G. Osella, G. Reimondo, S. Bovio, F. Daffara, M. Procopio, P. Paccotti, G. Borretta, et al. Adrenal Incidentaloma: A New Cause of the Metabolic Syndrome? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 998 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. G. M. Garrapa, P. Pantanetti, G. Arnaldi, F. Mantero, and E. Faloia Body Composition and Metabolic Features in Women with Adrenal Incidentaloma or Cushing's Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5301 - 5306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. P. Rossi, A. Sacchetto, M. Chiesura-Corona, R. De Toni, M. Gallina, G. P. Feltrin, and A. C. Pessina Identification of the Etiology of Primary Aldosteronism with Adrenal Vein Sampling in Patients with Equivocal Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Findings: Results in 104 Consecutive Cases J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1083 - 1090. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 K. Pacak, W. M. Linehan, G. Eisenhofer, M. M. Walther, and D. S. Goldstein Recent Advances in Genetics, Diagnosis, Localization, and Treatment of Pheochromocytoma Ann Intern Med, February 20, 2001; 134(4): 315 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Osella, G. Reimondo, P. Peretti, A. Alì, P. Paccotti, A. Angeli, and M. Terzolo The Patients with Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Adenoma (Incidentaloma) Are Not at Increased Risk of Osteoporosis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 604 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Rosse and L. Tauchmanovà Authors' Response: Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients with Adrenal Incidentaloma J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 951 - 952. [Full Text]
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