help button home button Endocrine Society JCEM
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a related Letter to the Editor
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Takaya, K.
Right arrow Articles by Nakao, K.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Takaya, K.
Right arrow Articles by Nakao, K.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 85, No. 12 4908-4911
Copyright © 2000 by The Endocrine Society

Rapid Communications

Ghrelin Strongly Stimulates Growth Hormone Release in Humans

Kazuhiko Takaya, Hiroyuki Ariyasu, Naotetsu Kanamoto, Hiroshi Iwakura, Akihiro Yoshimoto, Masaki Harada, Kiyoshi Mori, Yasato Komatsu, Takeshi Usui, Akira Shimatsu, Yoshihiro Ogawa, Kiminori Hosoda, Takashi Akamizu, Masayasu Kojima, Kenji Kangawa and Kazuwa Nakao

Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (K.T., H.A., N.K., H.I., A.Y., M.H., K.M., Y.K., Y.O., K.H., T.A., K.N.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Clinical Research Institute Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases (T.U., A.S.), Kyoto National Hospital, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (M.K., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565, Japan

Abstract

Ghrelin is a recently identified endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor and is involved in a novel system for regulating GH release. However, little is known about its GH-releasing activity and other endocrine effects in humans. To address this issue, we studied the GH, ACTH, cortisol, PRL, LH, FSH, and TSH responses to synthetic human ghrelin. In four normal male adults (28–37 yr), iv ghrelin administration released GH in a dose-dependent manner and 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 µg/kg ghrelin produced 43.3 ± 6.0, 81.5 ± 12.7, and 107.0 ± 10.7 ng/mL of the GH peak values at 30 min, respectively. ACTH, cortisol, and PRL levels were also elevated after ghrelin injection, while the lowest dose (0.2 µg/kg) resulted in only minimum peak values of these hormones (22.8 ± 3.0 pg/mL, 9.4 ± 1.9 µg/dL, and 4.6 ± 0.6 ng/mL, respectively). There were no significant changes in LH, FSH, or TSH levels. This is the first study showing evidence that ghrelin strongly stimulates GH release in humans.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Lanfranco, L. Bonelli, M. Baldi, E. Me, F. Broglio, and E. Ghigo
Acylated Ghrelin Inhibits Spontaneous Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility and Responsiveness to Naloxone But Not That to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Young Men: Evidence for a Central Inhibitory Action of Ghrelin on the Gonadal Axis
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2008; 93(9): 3633 - 3639.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Veldhuis, G. A. Reynolds, A. Iranmanesh, and C. Y. Bowers
Twenty-Four Hour Continuous Ghrelin Infusion Augments Physiologically Pulsatile, Nycthemeral, and Entropic (Feedback-Regulated) Modes of Growth Hormone Secretion
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2008; 93(9): 3597 - 3603.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
W. Zhang, B. Chai, J.-y. Li, H. Wang, and M. W. Mulholland
Effect of Des-acyl Ghrelin on Adiposity and Glucose Metabolism
Endocrinology, September 1, 2008; 149(9): 4710 - 4716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
A. Giustina, G. Mazziotti, and E. Canalis
Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and the Skeleton
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2008; 29(5): 535 - 559.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Ariyasu, H. Iwakura, G. Yamada, K. Nakao, K. Kangawa, and T. Akamizu
Efficacy of Ghrelin as a Therapeutic Approach for Age-Related Physiological Changes
Endocrinology, July 1, 2008; 149(7): 3722 - 3728.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
F. Deng, J. Ling, J. Ma, C. Liu, and W. Zhang
Stimulation of intramembranous bone repair in rats by ghrelin
Exp Physiol, July 1, 2008; 93(7): 872 - 879.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Gjedde, E. T. Vestergaard, L. C. Gormsen, A. L. D. Riis, J. Rungby, N. Moller, J. Weeke, and J. O. L. Jorgensen
Serum Ghrelin Levels Are Increased in Hypothyroid Patients and Become Normalized by L-Thyroxine Treatment
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2008; 93(6): 2277 - 2280.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Liu, C. E. Prudom, R. Nass, S. S. Pezzoli, M. C. Oliveri, M. L. Johnson, P. Veldhuis, D. A. Gordon, A. D. Howard, D. R. Witcher, et al.
Novel Ghrelin Assays Provide Evidence for Independent Regulation of Ghrelin Acylation and Secretion in Healthy Young Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2008; 93(5): 1980 - 1987.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
T. Akamizu, H. Iwakura, H. Ariyasu, H. Hosoda, T. Murayama, M. Yokode, S. Teramukai, H. Seno, T. Chiba, S. Noma, et al.
Repeated administration of ghrelin to patients with functional dyspepsia: its effects on food intake and appetite.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2008; 158(4): 491 - 498.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
L. Pacifico, C. Anania, J. F Osborn, E. Ferrara, E. Schiavo, M. Bonamico, and C. Chiesa
Long-term effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on circulating ghrelin and leptin concentrations and body composition in prepubertal children
Eur. J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2008; 158(3): 323 - 332.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
N. R Vulliemoz, E. Xiao, L. Xia-Zhang, J. Rivier, and M. Ferin
Astressin B, a Nonselective Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist, Prevents the Inhibitory Effect of Ghrelin on Luteinizing Hormone Pulse Frequency in the Ovariectomized Rhesus Monkey
Endocrinology, March 1, 2008; 149(3): 869 - 874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. T. Vestergaard, C. B. Djurhuus, J. Gjedsted, S. Nielsen, N. Moller, J. J. Holst, J. O. L. Jorgensen, and O. Schmitz
Acute Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2008; 93(2): 438 - 444.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Granado, A. I. Martin, M. Lopez-Menduina, A. Lopez-Calderon, and M. A. Villanua
GH-releasing peptide-2 administration prevents liver inflammatory response in endotoxemia
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2008; 294(1): E131 - E141.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
E. T. Vestergaard, N. H. Andersen, T. K. Hansen, L. M. Rasmussen, N. Moller, K. E. Sorensen, E. Sloth, and J. O. L. Jorgensen
Cardiovascular effects of intravenous ghrelin infusion in healthy young men
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H3020 - H3026.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
H. Takahashi, Y. Kurose, M. Sakaida, Y. Suzuki, S. Kobayashi, T. Sugino, M. Kojima, K. Kangawa, Y. Hasegawa, and Y. Terashima
Ghrelin differentially modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion according to feeding status in sheep
J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2007; 194(3): 621 - 625.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. D. Kineman and R. M. Luque
Evidence that Ghrelin Is as Potent as Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in Releasing GH from Primary Pituitary Cell Cultures of a Nonhuman Primate (Papio anubis), Acting through Intracellular Signaling Pathways Distinct from GHRH
Endocrinology, September 1, 2007; 148(9): 4440 - 4449.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. Iwakura, T. Akamizu, H. Ariyasu, T. Irako, K. Hosoda, K. Nakao, and K. Kangawa
Effects of ghrelin administration on decreased growth hormone status in obese animals
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2007; 293(3): E819 - E825.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Tropea, F. Tiberi, F. Minici, M. Orlando, M. F. Gangale, F. Romani, F. Miceli, S. Catino, S. Mancuso, M. Sanguinetti, et al.
Ghrelin Affects the Release of Luteolytic and Luteotropic Factors in Human Luteal Cells
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3239 - 3245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Kluge, P. Schussler, M. Uhr, A. Yassouridis, and A. Steiger
Ghrelin Suppresses Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone in Humans
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3202 - 3205.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. T. Vestergaard, T. K. Hansen, L. C. Gormsen, P. Jakobsen, N. Moller, J. S. Christiansen, and J. O. L. Jorgensen
Constant intravenous ghrelin infusion in healthy young men: clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2007; 292(6): E1829 - E1836.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Piccoli, L. Degen, C. MacLean, S. Peter, L. Baselgia, F. Larsen, C. Beglinger, and J. Drewe
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of an Oral Ghrelin Agonist in Healthy Subjects
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2007; 92(5): 1814 - 1820.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
M. Maghnie, M. C. Pennati, E. Civardi, N. Di Iorgi, G. Aimaretti, M. L. Foschini, G. Corneli, C. Tinelli, E. Ghigo, R. Lorini, et al.
GH response to ghrelin in subjects with congenital GH deficiency: evidence that ghrelin action requires hypothalamic-pituitary connections
Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2007; 156(4): 449 - 454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Pathol.Home page
M. Mottershead, E. Karteris, J. Y Barclay, S. Suortamo, M. Newbold, H. Randeva, and C. U Nwokolo
Immunohistochemical and quantitative mRNA assessment of ghrelin expression in gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma
J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2007; 60(4): 405 - 409.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. Sun, J. M. Garcia, and R. G. Smith
Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Expression in Mice during Aging
Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1323 - 1329.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J AndrolHome page
T. Ishikawa, H. Fujioka, T. Ishimura, A. Takenaka, and M. Fujisawa
Ghrelin Expression in Human Testis and Serum Testosterone Level
J Androl, March 1, 2007; 28(2): 320 - 324.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
C. De Vriese and C. Delporte
Autocrine proliferative effect of ghrelin on leukemic HL-60 and THP-1 cells
J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 192(1): 199 - 205.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Annals of Clinical & Laboratory ScienceHome page
K. Falasca, M. R. Manigrasso, D. Racciatti, P. Zingariello, M. Dalessandro, C. Ucciferri, P. Mancino, M. Marinopiccoli, C. Petrarca, P. Conti, et al.
Associations between Hypertriglyceridemia and Serum Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and IL-18 Levels in HIV-infected Patients.
Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., December 1, 2006; 36(1): 59 - 66.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
E. Naslund and J. G. Kral
Impact of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Gut Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S92 - S97.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. O. L. Jorgensen
A simple twist of science: the convoluted tale of ghrelin continues.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3279 - 3280.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Veldhuis, D. M. Keenan, A. Iranmanesh, K. Mielke, J. M. Miles, and C. Y. Bowers
Estradiol Potentiates Ghrelin-Stimulated Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3559 - 3565.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
H D. Falls, B. D Dayton, D. G Fry, C. A Ogiela, V. G Schaefer, S. Brodjian, R. M Reilly, C. A Collins, and W. Kaszubska
Characterization of ghrelin receptor activity in a rat pituitary cell line RC-4B/C.
J. Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 37(1): 51 - 62.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. S. Damjanovic, N. M. Lalic, P. M. Pesko, M. S. Petakov, A. Jotic, D. Miljic, K. S. Lalic, L. Lukic, M. Djurovic, and V. B. Djukic
Acute Effects of Ghrelin on Insulin Secretion and Glucose Disposal Rate in Gastrectomized Patients
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2574 - 2581.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
H. ThidarMyint, H. Yoshida, T. Ito, and H. Kuwayama
Dose-dependent response of plasma ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations to bovine ghrelin in Holstein heifers.
J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2006; 189(3): 655 - 664.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Veldhuis, A. Iranmanesh, K. Mielke, J. M. Miles, P. C. Carpenter, and C. Y. Bowers
Ghrelin Potentiates Growth Hormone Secretion Driven by Putative Somatostatin Withdrawal and Resists Inhibition by Human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2441 - 2446.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
L. C Gormsen, J. Gjedsted, S. Gjedde, E. T. Vestergaard, J. S Christiansen, J. O. Jorgensen, S. Nielsen, and N. Moller
Free fatty acids decrease circulating ghrelin concentrations in humans.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2006; 154(5): 667 - 673.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Miljic, S. Pekic, M. Djurovic, M. Doknic, N. Milic, F. F. Casanueva, M. Ghatei, and V. Popovic
Ghrelin Has Partial or No Effect on Appetite, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Cortisol Release in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1491 - 1495.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GutHome page
J Tack, I Depoortere, R Bisschops, C Delporte, B Coulie, A Meulemans, J Janssens, and T Peeters
Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans
Gut, March 1, 2006; 55(3): 327 - 333.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
T Akamizu, T Murayama, S Teramukai, K Miura, I Bando, T Irako, H Iwakura, H Ariyasu, H Hosoda, H Tada, et al.
Plasma ghrelin levels in healthy elderly volunteers: the levels of acylated ghrelin in elderly females correlate positively with serum IGF-I levels and bowel movement frequency and negatively with systolic blood pressure
J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2006; 188(2): 333 - 344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. Iqbal, Y. Kurose, B. Canny, and I. J. Clarke
Effects of Central Infusion of Ghrelin on Food Intake and Plasma Levels of Growth Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Prolactin, and Cortisol Secretion in Sheep
Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 510 - 519.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
M. Tesauro, F. Schinzari, M. Iantorno, S. Rizza, D. Melina, D. Lauro, and C. Cardillo
Ghrelin Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Circulation, November 8, 2005; 112(19): 2986 - 2992.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
N Govoni, R De Iasio, C Cocco, A Parmeggiani, G Galeati, U Pagotto, C Brancia, M Spinaci, C Tamanini, R Pasquali, et al.
Gastric immunolocalization and plasma profiles of acyl-ghrelin in fasted and fasted-refed prepuberal gilts
J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2005; 186(3): 505 - 513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
N. Nagaya, T. Itoh, S. Murakami, H. Oya, M. Uematsu, K. Miyatake, and K. Kangawa
Treatment of Cachexia With Ghrelin in Patients With COPD
Chest, September 1, 2005; 128(3): 1187 - 1193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Misra, K. K. Miller, V. Stewart, E. Hunter, K. Kuo, D. B. Herzog, and A. Klibanski
Ghrelin and Bone Metabolism in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa and Healthy Adolescents
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2005; 90(9): 5082 - 5087.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. Date, K. Toshinai, S. Koda, M. Miyazato, T. Shimbara, T. Tsuruta, A. Niijima, K. Kangawa, and M. Nakazato
Peripheral Interaction of Ghrelin with Cholecystokinin on Feeding Regulation
Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3518 - 3525.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Misra, K. K. Miller, K. Kuo, K. Griffin, V. Stewart, E. Hunter, D. B. Herzog, and A. Klibanski
Secretory dynamics of ghrelin in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2005; 289(2): E347 - E356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GutHome page
C Dornonville de la Cour, A Lindqvist, E Egecioglu, Y C L Tung, V Surve, C Ohlsson, J-O Jansson, C Erlanson-Albertsson, S L Dickson, and R Hakanson
Ghrelin treatment reverses the reduction in weight gain and body fat in gastrectomised mice
Gut, July 1, 2005; 54(7): 907 - 913.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
G Natalucci, S Riedl, A Gleiss, T Zidek, and H Frisch
Spontaneous 24-h ghrelin secretion pattern in fasting subjects: maintenance of a meal-related pattern
Eur. J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2005; 152(6): 845 - 850.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
U. Jaakkola, T. Kuusela, T. Jartti, U. Pesonen, M. Koulu, T. Vahlberg, and J. Kallio
The Leu7Pro Polymorphism of PreproNPY Is Associated with Decreased Insulin Secretion, Delayed Ghrelin Suppression, and Increased Cardiovascular Responsiveness to Norepinephrine during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3646 - 3652.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. M. Garcia, M. Garcia-Touza, R. A. Hijazi, G. Taffet, D. Epner, D. Mann, R. G. Smith, G. R. Cunningham, and M. Marcelli
Active Ghrelin Levels and Active to Total Ghrelin Ratio in Cancer-Induced Cachexia
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2920 - 2926.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. M. Avram, C. A. Jaffe, K. V. Symons, and A. L. Barkan
Endogenous Circulating Ghrelin Does Not Mediate Growth Hormone Rhythmicity or Response to Fasting
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2982 - 2987.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. Nishi, H. Hiejima, H. Hosoda, H. Kaiya, K. Mori, Y. Fukue, T. Yanase, H. Nawata, K. Kangawa, and M. Kojima
Ingested Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Are Directly Utilized for the Acyl Modification of Ghrelin
Endocrinology, May 1, 2005; 146(5): 2255 - 2264.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Iwakura, K. Hosoda, C. Son, J. Fujikura, T. Tomita, M. Noguchi, H. Ariyasu, K. Takaya, H. Masuzaki, Y. Ogawa, et al.
Analysis of Rat Insulin II Promoter-Ghrelin Transgenic Mice and Rat Glucagon Promoter-Ghrelin Transgenic Mice
J. Biol. Chem., April 15, 2005; 280(15): 15247 - 15256.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
M. Kojima and K. Kangawa
Ghrelin: Structure and Function
Physiol Rev, April 1, 2005; 85(2): 495 - 522.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Stock, P. Leichner, A. C. K. Wong, M. A. Ghatei, T. J. Kieffer, S. R. Bloom, and J.-P. Chanoine
Ghrelin, Peptide YY, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, and Hunger Responses to a Mixed Meal in Anorexic, Obese, and Control Female Adolescents
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2005; 90(4): 2161 - 2168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
W. Wei, G. Wang, X. Qi, E. W. Englander, and G. H. Greeley Jr.
Characterization and Regulation of the Rat and Human Ghrelin Promoters
Endocrinology, March 1, 2005; 146(3): 1611 - 1625.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
U. Espelund, T. K. Hansen, K. Hojlund, H. Beck-Nielsen, J. T. Clausen, B. S. Hansen, H. Orskov, J. O. L. Jorgensen, and J. Frystyk
Fasting Unmasks a Strong Inverse Association between Ghrelin and Cortisol in Serum: Studies in Obese and Normal-Weight Subjects
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 741 - 746.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
R. Guillemin
Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors
J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2005; 184(1): 11 - 28.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Ariyasu, K. Takaya, H. Iwakura, H. Hosoda, T. Akamizu, Y. Arai, K. Kangawa, and K. Nakao
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Des-Acyl Ghrelin Show Small Phenotype
Endocrinology, January 1, 2005; 146(1): 355 - 364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. Barazzoni, A. Bosutti, M. Stebel, M. R. Cattin, E. Roder, L. Visintin, L. Cattin, G. Biolo, M. Zanetti, and G. Guarnieri
Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in l