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Original Studies |
Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M.B., D.C.B., M.C.N., S.R.C.) and Medicine (D.C.B., S.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94105; Merck Research Laboratories (D.E.T., T.M., S.S.), Rahway, New Jersey 07065; University of Maryland (M.C.H.), Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.E.), Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dennis M. Black, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco, 74 New Montgomery Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, California 94105. E-mail: dblack{at}psg.ucsf.edu
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Abstract |
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The magnitudes of reduction of fracture incidence with alendronate were similar in both groups. The two groups were, therefore, pooled to obtain a more precise estimate of the effect of alendronate on relative risk of fracture (relative risk, 95% confidence interval): hip (0.47, 0.26–0.79), radiographic vertebral (0.52, 0.42–0.66), clinical vertebral (0.55, 0.36–0.82), and all clinical fractures (0.70, 0.59–0.82). Reductions in risk of clinical fracture were statistically significant by 12 months into the trial.
We conclude that reductions in fracture risk during treatment with alendronate are consistent in women with existing vertebral fractures and those without such fractures but with bone mineral density in the osteoporotic range. Furthermore, reduction in risk is evident early in the course of treatment. This pooled analysis provides a more precise estimate of the antifracture efficacy of alendronate in women with osteoporosis than that in prior reports.
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Introduction |
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We have previously shown that alendronate reduces risk of new vertebral, hip, and wrist fractures in women with vertebral fracture at baseline (9). More recently, we reported a study of alendronate among women with femoral neck T scores less than -1.6 (namely, BMD >1.6 SD below the mean of young adult women), but without vertebral fracture (10). The risk of new radiographic vertebral fracture was reduced in the entire group of women without such fracture at baseline. Significant reductions in hip and other clinical fractures were demonstrated in those with BMD below the WHO threshold (T score <-2.5 at the femoral neck). The purpose of the present investigation is to compare the effect of alendronate treatment on fracture risk reduction in women with existing vertebral fracture with that in women without existing vertebral fracture but with BMD T score less than -2.5 and to assess the effect of alendronate in these two groups of women combined. In addition, we examine the time course of the effect of alendronate on clinical fracture risk in these women with osteoporosis.
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Methods |
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The trial was conducted at 11 clinical centers in the United States with a coordinating center at the University of California, San Francisco (11). FIT had two study arms: the Vertebral Fracture Arm, which included women who had vertebral fractures identified on radiographs at baseline, and the Clinical Fracture Arm, which included women without vertebral fracture, but with femoral neck T score -1.6 or less at baseline. Analysis of study end points in the two arms combined and in BMD subgroups was prespecified in the FIT data analysis plan to provide more precise estimates of treatment and subgroup effects and to provide greater power to explore associations among variables. All clinical fractures and hip fractures were monitored during the trial by an independent data and safety monitoring board.
Selection of participants
We enrolled 6459 women 55–80 yr of age who had been postmenopausal for at least 2 yr and had femoral neck BMD less than or equal to 0.68 g/cm2 (Hologic QDR-2000). At the time of enrollment, this was believed to correspond to a BMD value of at least 2 SD below the mean of normal, young adult Caucasian women, based on the manufacturer’s reference values. Subsequently, results from the third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (HNANES), a representative sample of the United States population, indicated that this femoral neck BMD cutoff corresponded, instead, to about 1.6 SD below the young normal mean (12). Consequently, only about one third of women in the trial had femoral neck T scores less than -2.5. Further details of inclusion and exclusion criteria and recruitment procedures have been described in detail (9, 10, 11).
A total of 6459 women were randomly assigned to treatment in FIT, 2027 in the Vertebral Fracture arm and 4438 in the Clinical Fracture Arm. Among the 4432 women in the Clinical Fracture arm, 1631 met the WHO definition of osteoporosis based on an entry femoral neck BMD T score of -2.5 or less (using the revised NHANES reference data). Combining these women with the 2027 in the Vertebral Fracture Arm (i.e. those with existing vertebral fractures) yielded a total of 3658 women with osteoporosis who are included in this analysis. All women provided written informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the appropriate institutional review boards.
Treatment
The dose of alendronate was initially 5 mg/day for 2 yr but was increased to 10 mg/day at the second annual visit because other trials suggested that 10 mg had greater effects than 5 mg on bone density (6) and bone markers with similar tolerability. Women with existing vertebral fracture received alendronate for 3 yr; those without vertebral fracture received alendronate for 4 years. Eighty-two percent of participants in each treatment group had dietary calcium intakes at baseline of less than 1000 mg/day; they were given a daily supplement containing 500 mg elemental calcium (as the carbonate salt) and 250 IU of vitamin D.
Average duration of treatment and follow-up was planned for 3 yr in the Vertebral Fracture Arm and 4 yr in the Clinical Fracture Arm (11).
Assessment of outcomes
Clinical fractures. As has been previously reported (11), a clinical fracture was defined as a fracture diagnosed by a community physician and confirmed by written reports of radiographs or other tests. Fracture reporting and confirmation procedures were identical in the Clinical and Vertebral Fracture arms. Pathologic fractures (e.g. those due to malignant disease) and fractures caused by trauma sufficient to fracture normal bones in most young adults were excluded by a blinded Endpoints Adjudication Committee (9). Facial and skull fractures were excluded because they are not associated with osteoporosis or low bone density (13).
Clinical vertebral fractures were defined as those reported by participants to have been diagnosed by a physician during the study. For each reported clinical vertebral fracture a copy of the radiograph used by the participant’s physician was obtained and compared with the baseline study radiograph by the study radiologist using semiquantitative criteria. Only those in which an incident fracture could be confirmed were included in the analyses.
Before study, unblinding, subgroups of clinical fractures were classified into the following prespecified categories: all clinical fractures, clinical vertebral fractures, nonvertebral fractures, hip fractures, and wrist fractures. In addition, for this analysis we examine a subgroup of nonvertebral fractures (including fractures of the clavicle, humerus, wrist, pelvis, hip, and leg), which we term "nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures." Participants could have more than one type of fracture and could, therefore, appear in more than one category.
Radiographic evidence of vertebral fractures. Lateral spine radiographs were obtained according to published guidelines at baseline and at approximately 2 and 3 yr (Vertebral Fracture Arm) and 4 yr (Clinical Fracture Arm) after randomization (9, 10, 11). The assessment of radiographic vertebral fractures at baseline has been described previously (9, 14, 15, 16). A new radiographic vertebral fracture was defined as a decrease of 20% and at least 4 mm in the height of any vertebral body from baseline to end of the study (9, 15). All fractures were confirmed by a repeat measurement of the involved vertebral body and review by a radiologic technician. All assessments were blinded to treatment allocation.
BMD. BMD was measured at the hip and posterior-anterior spine on all participants using Hologic QDR-2000 densitometers (Hologic, Inc., Waltham, MA); BMD measurements were repeated annually. Quality control measures have been detailed elsewhere (11).
Statistical analysis
We present the results as the percentage of women with fractures and the relative hazards [presented as relative risk (RR)] and confidence intervals (CIs), calculated by survival analysis techniques with the log-rank test (17) for clinical fractures and the Mantel-Haenszel estimate (18) for the odds ratio (also presented as RR) for radiographic vertebral fractures (19). Analyses were performed separately within each subgroup (women with existing radiographic vertebral fracture and those without fractures but with femoral neck T score <-2.5) and were also performed for the pooled osteoporotic FIT cohort (women with femoral neck T score <-2.5 or an existing radiographic vertebral fracture) for the end point categories described above. The pooling of both arms of the study was prespecified in the data analysis plan.
We performed a true intention-to-treat analysis in which all events after randomization were analyzed. In the FIT study, all women continued follow-up regardless of whether or not they continued on study medication. We were, therefore, able to include in the analysis all fractures whether or not the participant was taking study medication at the time of the fracture. A total of about 15% of women discontinued study drug before closeout but fracture follow-up continued on about 98% of randomized survivors. All P values are two-sided. To test the statistical appropriateness of combining those patients with and without baseline vertebral fractures for the analysis of fracture end points, the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratios was performed (19). This statistic tests the hypothesis that the odds ratios from the two cohorts are equal and, therefore, the two groups can be combined. For all of the pooled analyses presented, the Breslow-Day test results indicated consistency between the Vertebral Fracture Arm and Clinical Fracture Arm (low BMD) cohort results for the specified populations.
Parallel analyses were conducted using definitions of osteoporosis based on BMD at the total hip and at the lumbar spine to confirm the general findings with respect to femoral neck BMD.
If there was a significant reduction in the RR, we used a test proposed by Kalbfleisch and Prentice (20), as was prespecified in the data analysis plan, to determine whether there was an interaction between study time and treatment effect. If there was no interaction or if there was an interaction and the treatment effect increased with time, we reported the first time point (using 6-month intervals) when the risk reduction was significant (P < 0.05).
We estimated the "number needed to treat" (NNT) with alendronate
for 5 yr to prevent one fracture. To estimate the 5-yr incidence of
fracture, we extrapolated the observed cumulative incidence of first
clinical fractures at 3 yr for the placebo group in women with existing
vertebral fracture and at 4.5 yr in women without existing vertebral
fracture to estimate the incidence at yr 5 in the placebo groups
(Ip5). The RRs in Table 2
were then applied to these 5-yr
placebo rates to estimate the 5-yr incidence in those randomized to
alendronate (Ia5). The 5-yr NNT is then calculated as
1/(Ip5-Ia5).
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Results |
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shows the baseline
characteristics of the subset of women in FIT who had osteoporosis at
baseline, which we defined as either having existing vertebral fracture
or (for those without vertebral fracture) having a femoral neck T score
of -2.5 or less. The women (53.5%) with vertebral fracture had a
femoral neck T score of -2.5 or less. In general, the two groups (with
fracture vs. without fracture) were similar, except that the
women without vertebral fractures were about 2.0 yr younger and were
less likely to have a history of clinical fracture since age 45. The
mean BMD at both the hip and the femoral neck was lower in the patients
without existing vertebral fracture. The mean BMD at the spine was
similar in both groups.
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summarizes the observed
annualized fracture rates and RRs (alendronate vs. placebo)
for different categories of fractures among the FIT participants
included in this subanalysis. The point estimates of the reductions
were generally consistent in those with and without baseline vertebral
fractures, particularly for vertebral fractures (0.53 and 0.51,
respectively), for hip fractures (0.49 and 0.44, respectively) and for
any clinical fracture (0.74 and 0.64, respectively). There was no
significant heterogeneity in the reduction in risk between the two
osteoporotic groups for any of the types of fractures. Rates of
vertebral fracture were much higher, and rates of nonvertebral fracture
were somewhat higher, in those patients with existing vertebral
fracture.
The reductions in risk with alendronate for the two groups combined are
shown in Table 3. The reductions in risk
in the alendronate group for the end points of radiologic vertebral
fractures (48%), multiple radiologic vertebral fractures (87%), any
clinical fracture (30%), and any nonvertebral clinical fracture (27%)
were all highly significant (P < 0.001). Risk of hip
fracture was reduced by 53% (P = 0.005), clinical
vertebral fracture by 45% (P = 0.003), and wrist
fracture by 30% (P = 0.038).
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. For all of the
fracture types, some reduction in fracture risk was evident within the
first year. The reduction in risk was first significant for clinical
vertebral fracture (59%) by month 12 (P < 0.001), for
any clinical fracture (27%) by month 18 (P = 0.017),
for nonvertebral fracture (26%) by month 24 (P =
0.011), for hip fracture (63%) by month 18 (P =
0.014), and for wrist fracture (34%) by month 30 (P =
0.046) (Fig. 2).
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), reflecting the
similarity between groups in both fracture incidence and fracture
reduction for these two fracture types. The lower NNT to prevent
vertebral fracture among patients with existing vertebral fracture (8
vs. 29 in the other group) reflects an incidence of new
vertebral fracture that was four to five times higher in patients with
existing vertebral fractures than in those without.
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Discussion |
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In previous reports from FIT, we had shown that, among women with existing vertebral fracture, reductions in clinical fracture risk with alendronate were significant for a wide variety of fracture types and did not depend on baseline BMD (9, 21). More recently, the results among women without prior vertebral fracture suggested that the reduction in risk of clinical fractures with alendronate in these women depended on the level of baseline BMD (10). In the current analysis, the magnitude of the fracture reductions with alendronate are similar both in women who meet the WHO BMD criterion for osteoporosis without vertebral fracture, and in those who have existing vertebral fracture but who do not meet the WHO BMD criterion.
The reductions in fracture risk for the women with femoral neck T scores less than -2.5 included significant reductions in hip fractures. Hip fractures account for the greatest costs and are associated with greater increases in morbidity and mortality than other types of fractures. The only other study of a pharmacologic agent to show a reduction of hip fracture is a study of calcium in combination with vitamin D in a group of older women living in nursing homes and group residences (22). However, many of these women were both calcium and vitamin D deficient; therefore, the response may represent treatment of osteomalacia rather than treatment of osteoporosis per se. We have shown here that, among community-dwelling women with osteoporosis (whether defined by existing vertebral fracture or femoral neck BMD below the WHO threshold), alendronate given over 3–4 yr can significantly reduce hip fracture risk. Women in FIT either had calcium intake at baseline exceeding 1000 mg/day (17%) or were using the study-provided calcium and vitamin D supplements (83%), suggesting that alendronate reduces hip fracture risk over and above any effects attributable to calcium and vitamin D.
For this analysis, we chose criteria for osteoporosis (low femoral neck BMD or presence of vertebral fracture) primarily based on the WHO definition. However, there were several secondary considerations derived from the earlier work in FIT that also supported selection of these specific groups. Among women with vertebral fracture, a previous analysis showed that the effect of alendronate did not vary by baseline BMD (21). Among women without vertebral fracture, those with the lowest BMD (specifically those with femoral neck T scores <-2.5) experienced the largest reductions in clinical and hip fractures (10). Although while there are clear reductions in clinical fracture among those women with T scores less than -2.5, it is not clear if there is an exact threshold above which alendronate does not reduce fracture risk. Rather than a threshold phenomenon, an analysis among the women without vertebral fracture suggested that there was a continuous gradient of benefit (those with lower BMD had greater risk reductions) (10).
We observed a decrease in the risk of clinical vertebral as well as nonvertebral fracture as early as 6 months after the start of treatment. This supports the results from a recent randomized trial of alendronate (10 mg/day) that showed a significant reduction in nonvertebral fracture after 12 months of therapy (23) and the results from a trial of risedronate showing a significant reduction in morphometric vertebral fractures after 12 months (5). The fact that bisphosphonates are effective so quickly in reducing fracture risk, with only modest early effects on BMD, suggest that mechanisms other than BMD improvements, such as the rapid decreases in bone remodeling rates, play some role in fracture reduction.
This study has a number of strengths. The decision to pool the data was prespecified. Clinical fractures (especially hip and clinical spine) were prespecified and were carefully adjudicated by a blinded endpoints committee. A very conservative intention-to-treat analysis was used to evaluate the risk reduction. However, despite its large size, this study has some important limitations. The study was not powered specifically to examine the effect of alendronate within subgroups—the sample sizes within femoral neck BMD subcategories are, in some cases, too small to adequately address within-subgroup efficacy. Furthermore, our power to detect significant differences in fracture reductions between the two subgroups (with and without existing vertebral fracture) is limited. Secondly, we prespecified in our analysis plan that we would analyze all the data from both arms of the study. The analysis presented included only those considered to be osteoporotic, solely because of the interaction between femoral neck BMD and clinical fractures in the Clinical Fracture Arm (10). Although it is possible that this slightly decreases the strength of our inference, we feel that the strong significance and consistency of these findings overcomes this limitation. Lastly, whereas this analysis focused on BMD at the femoral neck, analysis of BMD at the total hip and lumbar spine by dual x-ray absorptiometry supported similar risk reductions among those with T score less than -2.5 at these sites. However, we cannot directly determine the extent to which osteoporosis defined from other sites (e.g. wrist, calcaneus) or fracture risk assessment by other techniques (e.g. ultrasound) would yield similar results.
In summary, we found that women who meet currently accepted criteria for osteoporosis based on femoral neck BMD T score of -2.5 or less or an existing vertebral fracture—a cohort comprising approximately 57% of the entire FIT cohort—experienced statistically significant reductions in fracture risk for all prespecified fracture endpoints, including all clinical fractures, nonvertebral fractures, morphometric vertebral fractures, clinical vertebral fractures, hip fractures, and wrist fractures. Among women with no spine fracture but with femoral neck BMD within the WHO osteoporotic range, the magnitudes of observed risk reductions with alendronate therapy were generally similar to those previously shown among women with existing vertebral fracture. The NNT to prevent any clinical fracture or hip fracture were similar, therefore, the overall clinical benefit is largely similar in these two groups of osteoporotic patients. These results suggest that women with osteoporosis based on WHO BMD criteria or with existing vertebral fracture will benefit in terms of early and substantial reductions in both vertebral and nonvertebral clinical fractures over a 3- to 4-yr period of alendronate therapy.
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Footnotes |
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E. Eismont (radiology technician), C. H. Lee (data manager); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: K. Ensrud MD MPH (principal investigator), C. Bell BA MBA (project director), L. Stocke (clinic coordinator), J. Griffith (research assistant), F. Galle (nurse clinician), C. Quinton (nurse clinician); University of Pittsburgh: J. Cauley DrPH (principal investigator), R. McDonald MD (co-investigator), M. Vogt PhD (project director, co-investigator), J. Bonk RN MPH (recruitment coordinator), L. Harper (clinic coordinator), K. Lucas RN (clinic coordinator); University of Tennessee, Memphis: W. Applegate MD MPH (principal investigator), N. Miles MSN FNP (project director), J. Elam BA (data quality control officer), L. Lichtermann BSN (recruitment coordinator), K. Phillips RN BSN (project director) S. Satterfield MD DPH (co-investigator).
Coordinating Center and Radiology Group—University of California, San Francisco: S. R. Cummings MD (principal investigator), D. Black PhD (co-principal investigator, project director), M. C. Nevitt PhD MPH (co-investigator, director, FIT radiology group), H. K. Genant MD (co-investigator, study radiologist), D. Bauer MD (coordinator of clinical activities), S. Rubin (project coordinator, co-coordinator of clinical activities), T. Fuerst PhD (co-investigator, radiologist), M. Jergas MD (former co-investigator), C. Fox (senior programmer), L. Palermo (statistical programmer), P. Ramsay (administrative coordinator).
Sponsor—Merck Research Laboratories: D. B. Karpf MD (clinical monitor), D. E. Thompson PhD (biostatistician), D. Walters (medical program coordinator and clinical project manager), S. Alphas (associate medical program coordinator), R. Reyes (associate medical program coordinator), J. Coon (assistant medical program coordinator), E. A. DiCesare (former medical program coordinator and clinical project manager), T. Reiss MD (former clinical monitor), T. Capizzi (biostatistician), A. Santora MD (senior research physician), A. Barash (administrative associate).
Data and Safety Monitoring Board: D. L. DeMets PhD (chair), R. J. Levine MD, L. Raisz MD, E. Shane MD, L. Rosenberg PhD, S. L. Hui PhD, B. L. Strom MD MPH.
Received December 6, 1999.
Revised July 20, 2000.
Accepted July 25, 2000.
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S. Epstein The Roles of Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover, and Other Properties in Reducing Fracture Risk During Antiresorptive Therapy Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2005; 80(3): 379 - 388. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. R. Cummings Bone Density Screening: A New Level of Evidence? Ann Intern Med, February 1, 2005; 142(3): 217 - 219. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Papapoulos Long-Term Therapy of Osteoporosis with Bisphosphonates: Evidence and Implications for Daily Practice IBMS BoneKEy, January 1, 2005; 2(1): 13 - 19. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. H.M. Keegan, A. V. Schwartz, D. C. Bauer, D. E. Sellmeyer, and J. L. Kelsey Effect of Alendronate on Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Type 2 Diabetic Women: The Fracture Intervention Trial Diabetes Care, July 1, 2004; 27(7): 1547 - 1553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mazanec Osteoporosis Screening: Time to Take Responsibility Arch Intern Med, May 24, 2004; 164(10): 1047 - 1048. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. G. Bone, D. Hosking, J.-P. Devogelaer, J. R. Tucci, R. D. Emkey, R. P. Tonino, J. A. Rodriguez-Portales, R. W. Downs, J. Gupta, A. C. Santora, et al. Ten Years' Experience with Alendronate for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women N. Engl. J. Med., March 18, 2004; 350(12): 1189 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. R. Madore, P. J. Sherman, and J. M. Lane Parathyroid Hormone J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., March 1, 2004; 12(2): 67 - 71. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Evio, A. Tiitinen, K. Laitinen, O. Ylikorkala, and M. J. Valimaki Effects of Alendronate and Hormone Replacement Therapy, Alone and in Combination, on Bone Mass and Markers of Bone Turnover in Elderly Women with Osteoporosis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 626 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R.M. Francis, S.P. Baillie, A.J. Chuck, P.R. Crook, N. Dunn, J.N. Fordham, C. Kelly, and A. Rodgers Acute and long-term management of patients with vertebral fractures QJM, February 1, 2004; 97(2): 63 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.J. Schnitzer and L.E. Wehren The patient with a fragility fracture: an evolving role for the orthopaedic surgeon QJM, February 1, 2004; 97(2): 101 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R E Orstavik, G Haugeberg, T Uhlig, P Mowinckel, J A Falch, J I Halse, and T K Kvien Self reported non-vertebral fractures in rheumatoid arthritis and population based controls: incidence and relationship with bone mineral density and clinical variables Ann Rheum Dis, February 1, 2004; 63(2): 177 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. P. Ettinger Aging Bone and Osteoporosis: Strategies for Preventing Fractures in the Elderly Arch Intern Med, October 13, 2003; 163(18): 2237 - 2246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. C. Lentle and J. C. Prior Osteoporosis: What a Clinician Expects to Learn from a Patient's Bone Density Examination Radiology, September 1, 2003; 228(3): 620 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. F Eichner, K. B Lloyd, and E. M Timpe Comparing Therapies for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment Ann. Pharmacother., May 1, 2003; 37(5): 711 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. H. Humphries and S. Gill Risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy: The evidence speaks Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 15, 2003; 168(8): 1001 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. H. Ascott-Evans, N. Guanabens, S. Kivinen, B. G. A. Stuckey, C. H. Magaril, K. Vandormael, B. Stych, and M. E. Melton Alendronate Prevents Loss of Bone Density Associated With Discontinuation of Hormone Replacement Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial Arch Intern Med, April 14, 2003; 163(7): 789 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. H. Arjmandi, D. A. Khalil, B. J. Smith, E. A. Lucas, S. Juma, M. E. Payton, and R. A. Wild Soy Protein Has a Greater Effect on Bone in Postmenopausal Women Not on Hormone Replacement Therapy, as Evidenced by Reducing Bone Resorption and Urinary Calcium Excretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 1048 - 1054. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-J. Body Author's Response: Efficacy of Teriparatide and Alendronate on Nonvertebral Fractures J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 1403 - 1403. [Full Text]
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P. D. Miller Greater Risk, Greater Benefit--True or False? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 538 - 541. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Lin and J. M. Lane Bisphosphonates J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., January 1, 2003; 11(1): 1 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Crandall Parathyroid Hormone for Treatment of Osteoporosis Arch Intern Med, November 11, 2002; 162(20): 2297 - 2309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. D. Carter, K. M. Khan, H. A. McKay, M. A. Petit, C. Waterman, A. Heinonen, P. A. Janssen, M. G. Donaldson, A. Mallinson, L. Riddell, et al. Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65- to 75-year-old women with osteoporosis: randomized controlled trial Can. Med. Assoc. J., October 29, 2002; 167(9): 997 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-J. Body, G. A. Gaich, W. H. Scheele, P. M. Kulkarni, P. D. Miller, A. Peretz, R. K. Dore, R. Correa-Rotter, A. Papaioannou, D. C. Cumming, et al. A Randomized Double-Blind Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Teriparatide [Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-34)] with Alendronate in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4528 - 4535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Greenspan, E. Field-Munves, R. Tonino, M. Smith, R. Petruschke, L. Wang, J. Yates, A. E. de Papp, and J. Palmisano Tolerability of Once-Weekly Alendronate in Patients With Osteoporosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Mayo Clin. Proc., October 1, 2002; 77(10): 1044 - 1052. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. L. Isley Growth Hormone Therapy for Adults: Not Ready for Prime Time? Ann Intern Med, August 6, 2002; 137(3): 190 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Cranney, G. Wells, A. Willan, L. Griffith, N. Zytaruk, V. Robinson, D. Black, J. Adachi, B. Shea, P. Tugwell, et al. II. Meta-Analysis of Alendronate for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2002; 23(4): 508 - 516. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Petitti Hormone Replacement Therapy for Prevention: More Evidence, More Pessimism JAMA, July 3, 2002; 288(1): 99 - 101. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Maricic, J. D. Adachi, S. Sarkar, W. Wu, M. Wong, and K. D. Harper Early Effects of Raloxifene on Clinical Vertebral Fractures at 12 Months in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Arch Intern Med, May 27, 2002; 162(10): 1140 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Palomba, F. Orio Jr., A. Colao, C. di Carlo, T. Sena, G. Lombardi, F. Zullo, and P. Mastrantonio Effect of Estrogen Replacement Plus Low-Dose Alendronate Treatment on Bone Density in Surgically Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1502 - 1508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Hochberg, S. Greenspan, R. D. Wasnich, P. Miller, D. E. Thompson, and P. D. Ross Changes in Bone Density and Turnover Explain the Reductions in Incidence of Nonvertebral Fractures that Occur during Treatment with Antiresorptive Agents J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1586 - 1592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Marcus, M. Wong, H. Heath III, and J. L. Stock Antiresorptive Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Comparison of Study Designs and Outcomes in Large Clinical Trials with Fracture as an Endpoint Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2002; 23(1): 16 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. M. Biskobing COPD and Osteoporosis Chest, February 1, 2002; 121(2): 609 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Wartofsky Update in Endocrinology Ann Intern Med, October 16, 2001; 135(8_Part_1): 601 - 609. [Full Text] [PDF]
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