| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Original Studies |
Divisions of Endocrinology (J.L.S., J.A.C.) and Pediatric Endocrinology/Diabetes (R.S.B.), University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605; and the Developmental Endocrinology Branch (J.B., E.M., F.D., M.V.M.), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: John L. Stock, M.D., Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Drop Code 4121, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285. E-mail: jlstock{at}lilly.com
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A 74-yr-old female (generation I) presented with hypoparathyroidism, a movement disorder secondary to ectopic calcification of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and a history of knee and hip replacements for osteoarthritis. Two members of generation II and one member of generation III were also documented with hypoparathyroidism, short stature, and premature osteoarthritis evident as early as 11 yr.
Because of the known association between autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism and activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) gene, further studies were performed. Sequencing of PCR-amplified genomic DNA revealed a leucine to valine substitution at position 616 in the first transmembrane domain of the CaR, which cosegregated with the disorder. However, this amino acid sequence change did not affect the total accumulation of inositol phosphates as a function of extracellular calcium concentrations in transfected HEK-293 cells.
In conclusion, a sequence alteration in the coding region of the CaR gene was identified, but is not conclusively involved in the etiology of this novel syndrome. The cosegregation of hypoparathyroidism, short stature, and osteoarthritis in this kindred does suggest a genetic abnormality involving a common molecular mechanism in parathyroid, bone, and cartilage.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Isolated familial hypoparathyroidism has been described as a result of a mutation of the signal peptide-encoding region of the preproparathyroid hormone gene on chromosome 11p (6). It may also be caused by an activating mutation of the calcium receptor (CaR) gene located on chromosome 3q (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). This receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. CaR transcripts and protein have been localized to tissues involved in calcium homeostasis including parathyroid, C cells of the thyroid, kidney, bone cells (14), and cartilage (15). Activation of the CaR leads to decreased secretion of PTH and inhibition of renal calcium reab-sorption.
We describe a family with a novel syndrome of autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism associated with short stature and premature osteoarthritis and have investigated the possibility of a mutation in the CaR gene as the cause of this syndrome.
|
Subjects and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
and Table 1)Family members in three generations were studied after informed consent was obtained. The study was approved by the NICHHD institutional review board. The index case (patient I-1) presented at age 74 yr with uncontrolled movement of the left leg. Her past medical history was significant for multiple lumbar compression fractures at age 68 yr and hypocalcemia. At age 70 yr the patient underwent bilateral knee and right hip replacements for degenerative arthritis. The physical examination was significant for short stature (16) and frequent, involuntary choreiform movements of the left leg. Additional laboratory studies revealed a serum albumin concentration of 4.0 g/dL, magnesium of 1.7 mg/dL, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 33 ng/mL (normal, 10–55). A computed tomography scan of the head revealed calcification of the cerebellum and basal ganglia bilaterally. Over the following 6 months she was treated with calcium and vitamin D, and there was dramatic improvement in her movement disorder.
|
|
Patient II-4 first complained of diffuse aches and pains, particularly of the knees, beginning at age 9 yr. At age 31 yr laboratory studies revealed hypocalcemia, a serum magnesium concentration of 1.5 mg/dL, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 21 ng/mL. At age 35 yr she underwent the first of several right knee arthroscopic procedures. The physical examination revealed short stature and limitation of right knee flexion. At age 37 yr a right unicondylar knee replacement was performed, and the articular cartilage was found to be roughened and eroded, consistent with degenerative arthritis.
Members of generation III were screened. At age 24 yr subject III-1 was found to have short stature and hypocalcemia, and calcium supplementation was suggested. Subject III-2 had been evaluated for short stature at age 8 yr and was found to have normal GH levels. At age 13 yr he complained of knee pain, and the serum calcium concentration was 8.6 mg/dL (normal, 8.4–10.2). Subject III-3 complained of left knee pain at age 11 yr, and hypocalcemia was documented. The physical examination revealed short stature, pectus carinatum, a normal knee examination, and a negative Chvostek’s sign. Arthroscopy of the left knee was performed, which revealed lateral patellar subluxation and early vascular ingrowth over the hyaline cartilage surface.
DNA amplification and sequence analysis
Genomic DNA was isolated from white blood cells and exons 1–6 of the CaR were PCR amplified with previously reported primers (17). Screening for mutations was performed by heteroduplex analysis using mutation detection enhancement gels (18). PCR products that showed heteroduplex bands from members III-2 and III-3 were sequenced using a fluorescence-based DNA-sequencing system (19).
Restriction analysis
PCR-amplified genomic DNA was digested with restriction enzyme MaeIII, subjected to electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel, and stained with ethidium bromide.
Site-directed mutagenesis, cell culture, transfection, and preparation of cell membranes
The human CaR complementary DNA (cDNA) inserted into the mutagenesis vector pAlter I (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) was obtained from NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT). The detected nucleotide change (C to G) at nucleotide 1846 of exon 6 or other nucleotide changes were introduced into this construct by site-directed mutagenesis using the Altered Sites II system (Promega Corp.). The mutated cDNA were then isolated with restriction enzymes XbaI and HindIII, inserted into the expression vector pcDNAI/Amp (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA), and confirmed by DNA sequencing.
Cell culture and transfection
HEK-293 cells were cultured in DMEM. The cells were plated in 24-well plates (105 cells/well) and transiently transfected with constructs encoding the wild-type and the receptors with nucleotide changes, using 5 µL Lipofectamine (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) and 0.5 µg DNA.
Assessment of cell surface receptor expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Transfected cells were suspended in 1% BSA-DMEM for 30 min at 4 C and then incubated with monoclonal antibody 7F8 (20 µg/mL) for 1 h at 4 C. This antibody was made by immunization with the purified extracellular domain of the human CaR (Goldsmith, P. K., manuscript in preparation). After washing, cells were further incubated with peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse secondary antibody (Kirkegaarde & Perry Laboratories, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD; 1:1000 dilution). After washing, peroxidase substrate was added. Absorbance was measured at 405 nm. Four independent transfections were performed for ELISA.
Measurement of phosphoinositides (IPs)
Forty-eight hours after transfection, HEK-293 cells were labeled with 3 µCi/mL myo-[3H]inositol (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly, MA) in DMEM for 16–24 h. Cells were then incubated in PI buffer (99 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 5.6 mmol/L glucose, 0.4 mmol/L Mg Cl2, and 0.5 mmol/L CaCl2) containing 20 mmol/L LiCl for 1 h. Cells were stimulated with the indicated concentrations of Ca2+ (in PI buffer) for 30 min at 37 C. The reactions were terminated with acid-methanol (167 µL HCl in 120 mL methanol). Total inositol phosphates were extracted, separated on Dowex AG1-X8 columns as previously described (Berridge, 1983), and counted by liquid scintillation. Nine independent transfections were performed at each Ca2+ concentration for IP measurement.
Statistical analysis
Results were expressed as the mean ± SEM. Significance was assessed using an unpaired t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
To screen for sequence alterations in the CaR, individual exons from genomic DNA were PCR amplified and subject to heteroduplex analysis. Possibly affected subject III-2 and definitely affected subject III-3 showed heteroduplex bands in exon 6 (data not shown). Direct sequencing of PCR-amplified genomic DNA from possibly affected subject III-2 and definitely affected subject III-3 revealed a heterozygous C to G basepair substitution at position 1846 in exon 6. This change produces a leucine to valine substitution at position 616 in the first transmembrane domain of the receptor (L616V).
Genomic DNA from affected subjects I-1, II-1, II-4, and III-3 and from
possibly affected subjects III-1 and III-2 were screened for this
possible sequence alteration by restriction analysis. All of these
members were found to have additional fragments representing a possible
mutant allele cut by MaeIII (Fig. 2).
|
)Cell surface expression of the L616V construct and wild-type CaRs on the plasma membranes of transfected and control HEK-293 cells was assessed by ELISA. The mean cell surface expression was lower for L616V than for the wild-type receptor.
|
and Table 2
)After transient transfection with wild-type or possible mutant constructs, HEK-293 cells were exposed to graded Ca2+ concentrations, and IP accumulation was measured. There was no significant difference in the maximal or minimal response to Ca2+. Although there may have been a slight leftward shift in the concentration-response curve for the L616V receptor, the decrease in EC50 compared to that for the wild-type receptor did not quite reach statistical significance (P = 0.054).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In our study we found a heterozygous C to G basepair substitution at position 1846 in exon 6 that cosegregated with the disorder. This basepair change produced a change in the amino acid sequence of leucine to valine at amino acid position 616. This amino acid sequence change did not affect total accumulation of inositol phosphates as a function of extracellular calcium concentrations in transfected HEK-293 cells.
In the same experiment, we measured the function of the activating
mutation F612S, identified in a family with autosomal dominant
hypoparathyroidism. The results have been reported previously (12) and
serve as a positive control compared to the wild-type results in Table 2. This mutation produced a leftward shift in the
concentration-response curve, with a decrease in the EC50
to 2.3 ± 0.06 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and an increase
in the maximum IP accumulation to 42 ± 3 x 103
cpm (P < 0.02) compared to wild-type values.
However, the cell surface receptor expression in our in vitro system was decreased for L616V compared to wild-type receptors. In the same experiment, the cell surface expression of mutation F612S was also lower than that in wild-type receptors (1.3 ± 0.6 optical density units), but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06) (12). The signal transduction activity per receptor may be higher for L616V than for wild-type receptors. If the cell surface expression of the L616V receptor in vivo was similar to that of the wild-type receptor, then this possibly increased activity per receptor might account for the phenotype. Alternatively, a mutation in the promoter or in other regulatory genes for the expression of the CaR cannot be ruled out. It is also possible that this sequence alteration may affect another signal transduction pathway or that the causative mutation lies in a nearby gene. There are several families with autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism in whom CaR mutations have not been documented despite extensive analysis (8, 9).
A clinical issue to be considered in caring for members of this family is surveillance for ectopic calcifications, which have had significant effects on family member I-1 despite the mild nature of her disease. Basal ganglia calcifications and subsequent movement disorders have been described in mild chronic hypoparathyroidism (20). Periodic brain imaging studies might be performed in these patients. Whether treatment of affected members to raise their serum calcium concentrations to low normal levels will be of benefit in preventing or delaying ectopic calcifications remains to be elucidated. Hypercalciuria, usually a concern in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism, was not demonstrated in this family. Hypercalciuria has been found in families with documented mutations of the CaR, probably related to a decrease in the tubular reabsorption of calcium (10).
The description of this family extends previous observations that familial hypoparathyroidism is a heterogeneous disorder. A sequence alteration in the coding region of the CaR gene was identified and cosegregates with the phenotype, suggesting a causal relationship. However, the expression data and functional analysis do not conclusively demonstrate that this sequence alteration activates the receptor. The association of hypoparathyroidism, short stature, and osteoarthritis in this kindred does suggest a genetic abnormality involving a common molecular mechanism in parathyroid, bone, and cartilage.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Received December 21, 1998.
Revised March 4, 1999.
Revised May 26, 1999.
Accepted June 3, 1999.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  L. Rodriguez, C. Tu, Z. Cheng, T.-H. Chen, D. Bikle, D. Shoback, and W. Chang Expression and Functional Assessment of an Alternatively Spliced Extracellular Ca2+-Sensing Receptor in Growth Plate Chondrocytes Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5294 - 5303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Endocrinology | Endocrine Reviews | J. Clin. End. & Metab. |
| Molecular Endocrinology | Recent Prog. Horm. Res. | All Endocrine Journals |
