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Original Studies |
Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.I., B.C.J.M.F.), and Center for Clinical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health (M.J.C.E., J.D.F.H.), Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Utrecht (E.R.t.V.), 3015 GD Utrecht, The Netherlands
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Prof. B. C. J. M. Fauser, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: fauser{at}gyna.azr.nl
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Abstract |
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These observations suggest that there is more to be gained from CC ovulation induction in younger women presenting with profound oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Screening characteristics involved in the prediction of ovulation after CC medication in normogonadotropic oligo/amenorrheic patients (body weight and hyperandrogenemia, as shown previously) are distinctly different from predictors of conception in ovulatory CC patients (age and the severity of cycle abnormality). This disparity suggests that the FSH threshold (magnitude of FSH required for stimulation of ongoing follicle growth and ovulation) and oocyte quality (chances for conception in ovulatory cycles) may be differentially regulated.
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Our group could recently establish that obese hyperandrogenic amenorrheic patients are more likely to be resistant to CC medication (12). We now report on initial clinical, endocrine, and sonographic screening characteristics of normogonadotropic oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic infertile women achieving ovulatory cycles after CC medication in an attempt to identify factors predicting chances for conception in these patients. The separate focus on the prediction of conception and ovulation after CC treatment may allow differentiation among factors affecting oocyte quality independently from follicle development.
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Subjects and Methods |
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Between February 1993 and December 1997, 160 couples presenting with oligomenorrhea (bleeding intervals between 35 days and 6 months) or amenorrhea (bleeding interval >6 months) and infertility attending our unit were included in the present study. Additional inclusion criteria were 1) serum FSH levels within normal limits (1–10 IU/L) (1, 13, 14) and normal serum PRL and TSH levels, 2) spontaneous menses or positive bleeding response to progestagen withdrawal, 3) ovulatory cycles after CC induction of ovulation, 4) BMI (weight divided by height squared) greater than 18, 5) age between 19–40 yr, 6) a total motile sperm count [TMC = ejaculate volume (milliliters) x sperm concentration (106/mL) x percentage of progressive motile sperm] of the partner above 1 million (15), 7) negative history for any tubal pathology, and 8) no indication for intrauterine insemination. Study approval was obtained from the human subject committee of the Dijkzigt Hospital/Erasmus University, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects included. A standardized clinical, endocrine, and sonographic screening took place before initiation of induction of ovulation with CC medication.
Ovulation after CC treatment was assessed by midluteal serum progesterone (P) levels above 25 nmol/L, combined with transvaginal sonographic monitoring of follicle growth until visualization of a preovulatory follicle (mean diameter, >18 mm) and subsequent disappearance or biphasic basal body temperature charts, as described previously (12). Clomiphene citrate was administered at a daily dose of 50 mg (increased to 100 and 150 mg in subsequent cycles in the case of absent ovarian response) from cycle days 3–7 after initiation of spontaneous or progestin-induced withdrawal bleeding. Conception was defined as a positive urinary pregnancy test (Clearview, hCG II, Unipath Ltd., Bedford, UK) more than 3 days after the expected menses, and ongoing pregnancy was defined as sonographic assessment of an intrauterine gestational sac with positive heart beat.
History and clinical screening included assessment of duration of infertility, whether infertility was primary or secondary, cycle history, previous medication and/or surgery, and BMI. Endocrine screening included serum assays of FSH, LH, estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), androstenedione (AD), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and P. Fasting venous blood samples were taken on a random day between 0800–1000 h, as indicated previously (12). Blood samples were centrifuged within 2 h after withdrawal and were stored at -20 C until assayed. Serum LH and FSH levels were measured by immunofluorometric assay (Amerlite, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Amersham, Aylesbury, UK), as described previously (14). P levels were measured by RIA, as described previously (16). Serum E2, T, AD, and SHBG levels were estimated using RIA kits provided by Diagnostic Products (Los Angeles, CA), as described previously (17). Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 3% and 8% for FSH, less than 5% and 15% for LH, less than 16% and 17% for P, less than 5% and 7% for E2, less than 3% and 5% for T, less than 8% and 11% for AD, and less than 4% and 5% for SHBG, respectively. Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound (model EUB-415, Hitachi Medical Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was performed by a single observer (B.I.) and included the assessment of ovarian stroma amount and echogenicity (arbitrarily classified from one to three per ovary), ovarian volume (milliliters), and total number of follicles (both ovaries), as described previously (13, 18). Semen analyses were performed according to WHO guidelines (1992) and comprised ejaculate volume (milliliters), number of spermatozoa per mL (106 spermatozoa/mL), percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa, and percentage of normal forms (19).
Data analysis
A P value of 0.05 was chosen as the threshold level
for statistical significance. Cox regression has been used for
life-table analysis of conception rates during CC treatment (20). The
number of ovulatory CC treatment cycles was the time variable for
multivariate analyses. Censoring was defined as definitive
discontinuation of CC therapy without conception or end of follow-up
(February 1998). To analyze the effect of the severity of cycle
abnormality on chances of conceiving after CC treatment, we arbitrarily
divided the cycle histories of the patients into four categories; 5–6
weeks (n = 56), 6–9 weeks (n = 50), 9–26 weeks (n =
25), and greater than 26 weeks (i.e. amenorrhea) (n =
29). The univariate relation was assessed between the variables listed
in Table 1
and the time interval between the first ovulation after CC
medication and conception using the Kaplan-Meier method (21) for
categorical and the Cox regression (20) for continuous variables. The
log-rank test has been used to denote statistical significance in
life-table analyses. The multivariate analysis was performed with the
method of forward stepwise selection to gain a better insight into the
interdependence between initial screening parameters. This method can
explain why a variable that was significantly different in univariate
analysis was not selected in the final model. The prognostic impact of
variables was expressed as a fecundability ratio, which is equivalent
to the hazard ratio in survival analysis. For instance, a fecundability
ratio of 0.9 for an unfavorable group means that the conception rate
per ovulatory CC treatment cycle is 10% lower compared to that in the
favorable group. In some couples (n = 25), no sperm analysis was
performed because of the short time interval between initiation of CC
medication and conception. A statistical imputation technique has been
applied using multiple conditional mean imputation to fill in these
missing sperm parameters (22). The value of semen parameters was
estimated using the time until conception and patient characteristics
related to sperm parameters in the nonmissing group. Data were analyzed
using the commercially available software package SPSS, Inc. (Chicago, IL).
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Results |
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The life-table analysis of cumulative conception rates (CCR) of
patients who ovulated after CC are indicated in Fig. 1 for the total group, and separately for
different dose groups. A cumulative conception rate of 47% was reached
within three cycles from first ovulation, and a CCR of 73% was reached
within nine CC-induced ovulatory cycles. Patients using daily doses of
50, 100, and 150 mg CC reached cumulative conception rates of 57%,
66%, and 38% within 5 ovulatory cycles, respectively
(Plog rank = 0.25; Fig. 1). At higher doses,
chances for conception and ongoing pregnancy are not statistically
significantly reduced, although absolute CCR (n = 18) were low in
the 150-mg CC group. The overall mean duration of follow-up was 4
± 3 months and 3.2 ± 2.6 ovulatory CC cycles. Initial screening
characteristics of the overall group of patients who ovulated after CC
and separately for those women who conceived (n = 82)
vs. those who did not (n = 78) are depicted in Table 1
. Age, the severity of cycle abnormality
(oligomenorrhea vs. amenorrhea), and cycle duration,
arbitrarily classified in four categories (see also Materials and
Methods), were significantly different in univariate analysis. Age
(cut-off of 30 yr), cycle history (oligomenorrhea vs.
amenorrhea), and initial serum LH level (cut-off level of 7.0 IU/L) in
univariate analyses for CCR are depicted in Fig. 2. The percentages of ongoing pregnancies
per conception for patients with elevated (initial serum LH level 
7.0
IU/L) or normal initial serum LH levels were 84.8% and 94.4%,
respectively (P value for difference in proportion ongoing
pregnancies = 0.16, and 95% confidence interval for
difference = -3% to 23%). The cut-off value for normal
(i.e. 7.0 IU/L) was chosen on the basis of a previous study
from our group in normoovulatory controls (mean ± 1
SD) (23).
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. During the stepwise
multivariate analysis for the prediction of chances to conceive, age,
and cycle history (amenorrhea vs. oligomenorrhea) entered
into the model (steps 1 and 2, respectively). The multivariate-adjusted
fecundability ratio for age was 0.90 (95% confidence interval,
0.85–0.95), and that for amenorrhea was 0.54 (95% confidence
interval, 0.32–0.93).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In the present study, CCR of 63% within six cycles and 73% within nine ovulatory CC-induced cycles have been reached. Two thirds of patients who conceived reached this end point within the first three ovulatory CC treatment cycles. This is in agreement with previous reports in the literature regarding CC (3, 24, 25) and is similar to spontaneous conception chances in normoovulatory women (26). This is also comparable to conception rates reported for exogenous gonadotropin induction of ovulation (27, 28, 29) in anovulatory infertile patients. These observations strongly suggest that the overall detrimental effects of CC on cervical mucus production or endometrial receptivity and subsequent implantation are limited with daily CC doses up to 150 mg. Although the CCR seems to be lower in the high dose CC group, this finding was not statistically significant. It should be noted that the sample size of this group was limited, so actual differences cannot be excluded.
Previous studies were unable to identify predictors for conception in CC induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic infertile women (6, 8, 10). In the present study, age and cycle history (amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea) were significantly different comparing patients who conceived vs. those who did not during CC-induced ovulatory cycles. Multivariate analyses revealed a final model including age and cycle history. The predictive power of age was highest. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the final model including these two factors reached 0.68 (data not shown), which is substantially lower than that in the previous model predicting ovulation after CC (0.82) (12). For reasons of clarity, the forward stepwise approach was chosen. Backward stepwise analysis was also applied, resulting in the same final model (data not shown). Young patients have a higher probability to conceive during CC-induced ovulatory cycles. The fecundability rate of the patient decreases by approximately 10%/yr. This is in agreement with reports that indicate that age is an important factor for the prediction of chances for spontaneous conception in untreated normoovulatory subfertile patients (30, 31, 32). Similar findings have been reported for the prediction of chances to conceive after exogenous gonadotropin induction of ovulation (27) and in vitro fertilization treatment (33).
Amenorrheic patients exhibit a 2-fold higher probability to conceive after ovulatory CC cycles compared to oligomenorrheic patients. Patients with longer bleeding intervals also exhibit higher conception chances. We have been unable to find similar reports in the literature regarding induction of ovulation. The most likely explanation seems to be the following. Patients with amenorrhea have an extremely low probability to conceive without intervention due to anovulation before seeking help by a physician. Presumably, the major subfertility factor in these patients is chronic anovulation, which can be resolved temporarily by the use of CC medication. These patients are more likely to be at low risk for any other subfertility factor, such as tubal or sperm dysfunction. Some oligomenorrheic patients may have spontaneous ovulations (34), and some of these women may never seek medical intervention because of spontaneous pregnancies. Their benefit from ovulation induction is an increased chance for conception due to an increased number of ovulations with a fixed interval in a given period of time. Similar observations were made for pregnancy chances after artificial insemination with donor sperm in relation to the sperm quality of the partner. Donor insemination outcome is significantly better in cases with very poor sperm quality (35). One should consider that amenorrheic patients also have a higher probability to remain anovulatory after CC, as demonstrated previously (12). In contrast, regular ovulatory cycles are easier to induce with CC in oligomenorrheic patients, but there is less chance of pregnancy.
In the present study, patients with elevated initial serum LH levels have a significantly higher probability to conceive once ovulatory cycles have been achieved by CC. A recent study also indicated higher initial LH levels in patients who conceived after CC medication (10). In contrast, a poor treatment outcome has been observed in patients with high LH levels during the follicular phase of CC-induced cycles (8). It should be realized that we report on initial LH levels before initiation of CC medication, rather than during CC-induced cycles. Indeed, elevated LH levels may normalize only during CC-induced ovulatory cycles (36). These observations are in sharp contrast with reports regarding patients with elevated LH who perform poorly during gonadotropin induction of ovulation (28) or in vitro fertilization (37). We previously showed that initial LH concentrations did not predict patients who would remain anovulatory after CC medication (12). The present observation seems to dispute previous beliefs concerning the detrimental effects of elevated LH levels on oocyte maturation and capacity for fertilization. In addition, we did not observe a higher spontaneous abortion rate in patients with high LH levels who conceived after CC medication. This finding is also in contrast with previous reports on the effects of high LH concentrations on chances for spontaneous abortion after exogenous gonadotropins (38, 39). The predictive power of the initial LH level is poor in case age enters in the final model, which may be due to a correlation of initial LH with age (data not shown). The mechanism of action of CC is not fully elucidated, and the role of LH in the pathogenesis of ovarian abnormalities remains open for speculation. As an example, female siblings of male patients described with an activating mutation of the LH receptor (so-called familial male testotoxicosis) seem to be without a clear phenotype (40).
Total motile sperm count is not a predictor in univariate or multivariate analyses of prediction of conception in the present study population. This is in agreement with the observation that a large overlap exists between semen characteristics of males from fertile vs. subfertile couples (15). Moreover, it can be speculated that couples with better sperm parameters have already conceived spontaneously before seeking medical intervention.
In summary, it can be concluded that body weight and hyperandrogenemia are the predominant predictors for ovulation after CC treatment, whereas age and cycle history dictate pregnancy chances in ovulatory women. This stresses for the first time the important concept that follicle growth and oocyte quality (and subsequent capacity to be fertilized in vivo) are differentially regulated during induction of ovulation, confirming observations during in vitro fertilization.
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Footnotes |
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Received October 29, 1998.
Revised January 15, 1999.
Accepted February 12, 1999.
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