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Original Studies |
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903; and the Energy Metabolism Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Susan K. Fried, Ph.D., Department of Nutritional Sciences, Thompson Hall, Lipman Drive, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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(TNF)
increases with fat cell enlargement in obesity and appears to function
as a feedback inhibitor of adiposity by inducing cellular insulin
resistance (5, 6, 7). Limited evidence indicates that adipose tissue also
produces another ubiquitous cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 is a
multifunctional cytokine produced by many different cell types,
including immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, myocytes, and a
variety of endocrine cells (8, 9). Like TNF, IL-6 decreases adipose
tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and has been implicated in the
fat wasting that occurs during cancer cachexia (10, 11). Interestingly,
a recent study showed that serum IL-6 concentrations were positively
correlated with the level of obesity as assessed by body mass index
(BMI) (12). Immunodetectable IL-6 accumulates in the medium of explant cultures of human mammary adipose tissue (13). Adipocytes (14, 15) or stromal-vascular cells (16) may be a source of this IL-6. No previous studies have examined whether the human adipocytes themselves produce IL-6 and whether there are differences between visceral and sc fat depots in IL-6 expression. Depot differences in cytokine expression would be expected based on an extensive literature demonstrating that visceral (including omental) and subcutaneous (sc) fat cells differ metabolically. For example, omental fat cells are more responsive to catecholamines and less sensitive to insulin (17). Thus, in the present study we examined IL-6 release by omental and sc adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. Because glucocorticoids potently decrease IL-6 expression in a number of cell types (9), we also assessed the effect of dexamethasone on the IL-6 concentration in the medium of cultured adipose tissue.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Subjects (n = 10; four men and six women) were severely obese, nondiabetic patients undergoing obesity surgery. The mean BMI was 52 ± 2 kg/m2 (range, 44–68), and the mean age was 38 ± 3 yr. None was taking drugs that may affect adipocyte metabolism, such as steroids. Three subjects were taking antihypertensives (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antidiuretics, and/or calcium channel blockers). One 52-yr-old woman was taking hormone replacement therapy, and the remainder were premenopausal. There were no gender-related differences in IL-6 release in this sample, so all data were pooled. All protocols were approved by the internal review boards of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University.
Sleep apnea is reported to be independently associated with elevated
serum IL-6 (12). Although documentation was not available, two subjects
reported a diagnosis of sleep apnea, so we determined whether this
factor influenced the results. One subject who reported sleep apnea was
used for study of IL-6 secretion in incubated adipose tissue. His
values [104 (omental) and 29 (sc) ng/g] were similar to the group
mean (Fig. 1
). Samples of sc adipose
tissue from the other subject with sleep apnea were used for the
time-course study, and his values also did not deviate from the mean of
the group.
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Human omental or abdominal sc adipose tissue was obtained within 30 min after the start of surgery and processed as previously described (18). Aliquots of minced tissue fragments (5–10 mg each, total of 100 mg) were placed in 1 mL medium 199 containing 1% albumin (CRG-7, Intergen, Purchase, NY), pH 7.4, and incubated for up to 3 h under an atmosphere of 95% O2-5% CO2. At the end of the incubation, samples of the incubation medium were frozen at -80 C. Isolated cells were prepared by collagenase digestion as previously described (18). Phenylisopropyladenosine (100 nmol/L) was included in digestion, cell washing, and incubation steps to suppress lipolysis and to prevent cell lysis (19). Fat cell size and number were determined by measuring the diameter of at least 150 cells (20) or by osmium fixation and Coulter counting (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL) (21).
Culture of adipose tissue
Minced adipose tissue fragments (
300–500 mg/15 mL) were
placed in organ culture in serum-free medium 199 (without albumin) as
previously described (18). Cultures were supplemented with or without 7
nmol/L insulin (Humulin) in the absence or presence of dexamethasone
(2.5 or 25 nmol/L). Cultures were maintained for up to 7 days, with
replenishment of medium with fresh hormones every 2–3 days. Samples of
medium were collected, 24 h after medium was last exchanged, on
days 1, 4, and 7 of culture and frozen at -80 C.
Determination of IL-6
Immunodetectable IL-6 was measured in aliquots of incubation or culture medium using a sandwich immunoassay [Cytokine Direct, Intergen (Purchase, NY) and R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN)]. An antihuman monoclonal antibody was used for capture, and a rabbit antihuman IL-6 antibody was used for detection. Samples were diluted (up to 1:100) using the same buffer as culture/incubations, so that values fell within the linear range of the assay (6–500 pg/mL).
Statistical analysis
Paired t tests were used for within-subject comparison of the effect of depot (omental vs. sc) on rates of IL-6 release. The effects of time of culture (1 vs. 7 days) and hormone treatment were first determined for each depot by repeated measures ANOVA (2 x 4 design). As the main effects for time and hormone treatment were significant (P < 0.05), the effects of insulin and dexamethasone on day 1 or 7 of culture were analyzed by a 2 x 2 repeated measures ANOVA. Post-hoc paired t tests were used to compare different hormone treatments when main effects were significant by ANOVA (P < 0.05).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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). This difference could not be explained on the basis of fat
cell size, which was, on the average, similar between depots in these
subjects [0.9 ± 0.1 µg lipid/cell (omental) vs.
0.9 ± 0.1 (sc); n = 6; three men and three women]. To
assess whether the source of the IL-6 released during tissue
incubations was the fat cell, IL-6 release from collagenase-isolated
omental or sc fat cells was determined in a subset of subjects. IL-6
release from isolated omental adipocytes was significantly greater than
that from sc adipocytes (Fig. 1B). On a per lipid weight or per fat
cell basis, only 10% of the amount of IL-6 released by intact adipose
tissue fragments could be accounted for by release from isolated fat
cells (Fig. 1B). Preliminary studies showed that the release of IL-6
from isolated adipocytes into the incubation medium was linear with
time (not shown).
A time course for IL-6 release into the medium during culture of
omental adipose tissue for up to 7 days is shown in Fig. 2. IL-6 release tended to fall over time
in culture (P < 0.02, by ANOVA). Dexamethasone
decreased the amount of immunodetectable IL-6 in the culture medium in
the presence or absence of insulin (P < 0.01, by
ANOVA). Culture with insulin had no effect on IL-6 release.
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). As expected from the depot difference
noted in acute incubations of tissue, IL-6 release was markedly higher
in cultured omental compared to sc adipose tissue under each culture
condition on day 1. This depot difference persisted after culture for 7
days under basal conditions or insulin alone. However, dexamethasone
decreased IL-6 release by omental and sc adipose tissue to similarly
low levels after 7 days of culture. In both depots, dexamethasone
decreased IL-6 accumulation in the medium by up to 100-fold. The
absolute concentrations of IL-6 in the medium after 1 day of culture
without dexamethasone ranged from 1–75 ng/mL and were decreased to
less than 100 pg/mL after 7 days of culture with dexamethasone.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In the present study we examined adipose tissue solely from severely
obese subjects. Previous studies have demonstrated much higher rates of
TNF production in adipose tissue from obese than lean subjects (37).
It will clearly be important to compare the rates of IL-6 production in
subjects with varying levels of adiposity and as a function of adipose
tissue distribution. In addition, sleep apnea, which is commonly
associated with severe obesity, is reported to be an independent
correlate of serum IL-6 (12). Values for the two subjects reporting
sleep apnea did not differ from the group means, but further
investigation of this issue appears warranted.
The amount of IL-6 produced by adipose tissue is equal to or greater than that reported for a variety of other tissues and cells (23, 24). The concentrations of IL-6 that accumulate in adipose tissue or cell incubations (up to 75 ng/mL) are well within a range that can elicit biological effects (11, 25). IL-6 produced by adipose tissue may act in a paracrine manner in addition to possible effects on other tissues. IL-6 is considered to be an inflammatory mediator as well as a stress-induced cytokine (26). It has pleiotropic effects on a variety of tissues (8, 27, 28), including down-regulation of adipocyte LPL (14), stimulation of acute phase protein synthesis, and stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Because the venous drainage from omental adipose tissue flows directly into the liver, the metabolic impact of IL-6 release from omental adipose tissue may be of particular importance. For example, IL-6 increases hepatic triglyceride secretion (29) and may, therefore, contribute to the hypertriglyceridemia associated with visceral obesity.
IL-6 is secreted from adipose tissue under basal conditions,
i.e. without additions to the medium. It is possible that
adipose tissue TNF, whose expression is increased in obesity,
induces adipocyte and nonadipocyte IL-6 expression. TNF produces a
60-fold increase in IL-6 production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes
(30). It will also be important to examine potential modulators of IL-6
expression in different fat depots, such as catecholamines (31).
IL-6 production tended to decline over days of culture, even in the absence of glucocorticoids. The decline in IL-6 over time is not a nonspecific consequence of a compromise in function of adipose tissue in organ culture. We have previously noted that adipose tissue LPL activity and messenger ribonucleic acid levels are greater than the initial values after 1 week of culture (18) (our unpublished observations).
Results from organ culture studies showed that adipose tissue production of IL-6 was regulated by glucocorticoid, but that insulin had no effect. The effect of dexamethasone was present as early as 24 h of culture and persisted for 7 days. These data suggest that cortisol may act physiologically to modulate IL-6 production by adipose tissue.
Increased cortisol turnover is a feature of the obese state and is exaggerated in upper body (usually visceral) obesity (32). Recent studies indicate that IL-6 directly stimulates adrenal cortisol release in addition to stimulating hypothalamic CRH and pituitary ACTH release (33, 34, 35). Adipose tissue IL-6 may, therefore, act as a feedforward regulator of hypothalamic-pituitary axis function. Cortisol suppression of adipose IL-6 production may serve as a feedback inhibitor of this regulatory loop. Adrenal cortisol production could be influenced by IL-6 originating from perirenal adipose tissue surrounding the adrenal gland itself.
The metabolic effects of IL-6 on adipose tissue have not been
extensively studied. IL-6, like TNF, appears to have potent effects
on adipose tissue, as demonstrated by the fact that neutralization of
either cytokine decreases the loss of adipose tissue in cachexia (10, 36). It seems unlikely that this effect is mediated solely by the
documented ability of IL-6 to down-regulate LPL activity, implying that
IL-6 has multiple effects on adipocyte metabolism. The present data
demonstrate a high rate of IL-6 production in adipose tissue of obese
subjects, particularly in the omental depot, and suggest that IL-6 is
an important autocrine and paracrine regulator of regional adipose
tissue metabolism. Adipose tissue production of IL-6 may also underlie
the observed correlation between serum IL-6 and BMI (12).
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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Received September 24, 1997.
Revised November 7, 1997.
Accepted December 2, 1997.
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References |
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C.-D. Lee, D. R Jacobs Jr, P. J Schreiner, C. Iribarren, and A. Hankinson Abdominal obesity and coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 48 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Bashan, K. Dorfman, T. Tarnovscki, I. Harman-Boehm, I. F. Liberty, M. Bluher, S. Ovadia, T. Maymon-Zilberstein, R. Potashnik, M. Stumvoll, et al. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Inhibitory-{kappa}B Kinase, and Insulin Signaling in Human Omental Versus Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Obesity Endocrinology, June 1, 2007; 148(6): 2955 - 2962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Fontana, J. C. Eagon, M. E. Trujillo, P. E. Scherer, and S. Klein Visceral Fat Adipokine Secretion Is Associated With Systemic Inflammation in Obese Humans Diabetes, April 1, 2007; 56(4): 1010 - 1013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Nisoli, E. Clementi, M. O. Carruba, and S. Moncada Defective Mitochondrial Biogenesis: A Hallmark of the High Cardiovascular Risk in the Metabolic Syndrome? Circ. Res., March 30, 2007; 100(6): 795 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. R. Coenen, M. L. Gruen, A. Chait, and A. H. Hasty Diet-Induced Increases in Adiposity, but Not Plasma Lipids, Promote Macrophage Infiltration Into White Adipose Tissue Diabetes, March 1, 2007; 56(3): 564 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Mooney COUNTERPOINT: INTERLEUKIN-6 DOES NOT HAVE A BENEFICIAL ROLE IN INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2007; 102(2): 816 - 818. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. K. Pedersen, M. A. Febbraio, and R. A. Mooney Interleukin-6 does/does not have a beneficial role in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2007; 102(2): 814 - 816. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Sharma and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} and Adipose Tissue--Understanding Obesity-Related Changes in Regulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 386 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. D Sniderman, R. Bhopal, D. Prabhakaran, N. Sarrafzadegan, and A. Tchernof Why might South Asians be so susceptible to central obesity and its atherogenic consequences? The adipose tissue overflow hypothesis Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2007; 36(1): 220 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Moschen, A. Kaser, B. Enrich, B. Mosheimer, M. Theurl, H. Niederegger, and H. Tilg Visfatin, an Adipocytokine with Proinflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties J. Immunol., February 1, 2007; 178(3): 1748 - 1758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-E. Paradis, K. O. Badellino, D. J. Rader, Y. Deshaies, P. Couture, W. R. Archer, N. Bergeron, and B. Lamarche Endothelial lipase is associated with inflammation in humans J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2006; 47(12): 2808 - 2813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Warne, C. D. John, H. C. Christian, J. F. Morris, R. J. Flower, D. Sugden, E. Solito, G. E. Gillies, and J. C. Buckingham Gene deletion reveals roles for annexin A1 in the regulation of lipolysis and IL-6 release in epididymal adipose tissue Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2006; 291(6): E1264 - E1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Y. Z. Forrest, J. M. Zmuda, and J. A. Cauley Correlates of Decline in Lower Extremity Performance in Older Women: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2006; 61(11): 1194 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Macia, M. Delacre, G. Abboud, T.-S. Ouk, A. Delanoye, C. Verwaerde, P. Saule, and I. Wolowczuk Impairment of Dendritic Cell Functionality and Steady-State Number in Obese Mice J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 5997 - 6006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-P. Lu, Y.-R. Lou, B. Nolan, Q.-Y. Peng, J.-G. Xie, G. C. Wagner, and A. H. Conney Stimulatory effect of voluntary exercise or fat removal (partial lipectomy) on apoptosis in the skin of UVB light-irradiated mice PNAS, October 31, 2006; 103(44): 16301 - 16306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I J Bujalska, M Quinkler, J W Tomlinson, C T Montague, D M Smith, and P M Stewart Expression profiling of 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 and glucocorticoid-target genes in subcutaneous and omental human preadipocytes. J. Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2006; 37(2): 327 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Tsuchiya, T. Yoshimoto, Y. Hirono, T. Tateno, T. Sugiyama, and Y. Hirata Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via a nuclear factor-{kappa}B-dependent pathway in rat preadipocytes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2006; 291(4): E771 - E778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Warnberg, E. Nova, L. A Moreno, J. Romeo, M. I Mesana, J. R Ruiz, F. B Ortega, M. Sjostrom, M. Bueno, A. Marcos, et al. Inflammatory proteins are related to total and abdominal adiposity in a healthy adolescent population: the AVENA Study. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 505 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Bottcher, D. Teupser, B. Enigk, J. Berndt, N. Kloting, M. R. Schon, J. Thiery, M. Bluher, M. Stumvoll, and P. Kovacs Genetic Variation in the Visfatin Gene (PBEF1) and Its Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Fat-Depot-Specific Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2725 - 2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Krogh-Madsen, P. Plomgaard, K. Moller, B. Mittendorfer, and B. K. Pedersen Influence of TNF-{alpha} and IL-6 infusions on insulin sensitivity and expression of IL-18 in humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2006; 291(1): E108 - E114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Maggio, J. M. Guralnik, D. L. Longo, and L. Ferrucci Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: a magnificent pathway. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2006; 61(6): 575 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Qi, R. M. van Dam, J. B. Meigs, J. E. Manson, D. Hunter, and F. B. Hu Genetic variation in IL6 gene and type 2 diabetes: tagging-SNP haplotype analysis in large-scale case-control study and meta-analysis Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2006; 15(11): 1914 - 1920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. T. Antunes, A. Gagnon, B. Chen, F. Pacini, T. J. Smith, and A. Sorisky Interleukin-6 release from human abdominal adipose cells is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone: effect of adipocyte differentiation and anatomic depot Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1140 - E1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Efstratiadis, G. Tsiaousis, V. G. Athyros, D. Karagianni, A. Pavlitou-Tsiontsi, A. Giannakou-Darda, and C. Manes Total Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and C-Reactive Protein in Metabolic Syndrome With or Without Diabetes Angiology, May 1, 2006; 57(3): 303 - 311. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. Lecube, C. Hernandez, J. Genesca, and R. Simo Glucose Abnormalities in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Epidemiology and pathogenesis Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1140 - 1149. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Bruun, J. W. Helge, B. Richelsen, and B. Stallknecht Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2006; 290(5): E961 - E967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Chida, T. Osaka, O. Hashimoto, and Y. Iwakura Combined interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 deficiency causes obesity in young mice. Diabetes, April 1, 2006; 55(4): 971 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Trujillo, M.-J. Lee, S. Sullivan, J. Feng, S. H. Schneider, A. S. Greenberg, and S. K. Fried Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} and Glucocorticoid Synergistically Increase Leptin Production in Human Adipose Tissue: Role for p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1484 - 1490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kalantar-Zadeh, N. Kuwae, D. Y Wu, R. S Shantouf, D. Fouque, S. D Anker, G. Block, and J. D Kopple Associations of body fat and its changes over time with quality of life and prospective mortality in hemodialysis patients Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 202 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S Greenberg and M. S Obin Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 461S - 465S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Vasudevan, H. Wu, A. M. Xydakis, P. H. Jones, E. O. Smith, J. F. Sweeney, D. B. Corry, and C. M. Ballantyne Eotaxin and Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2006; 91(1): 256 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. R. Hugo, T. D. Brandebourg, C. E. S. Comstock, K. S. Gersin, J. J. Sussman, and N. Ben-Jonathan LS14: A Novel Human Adipocyte Cell Line that Produces Prolactin Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 306 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E Malavazos, E. Cereda, L. Morricone, C. Coman, M. M Corsi, and B. Ambrosi Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1: a possible link between visceral adipose tissue-associated inflammation and subclinical echocardiographic abnormalities in uncomplicated obesity Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 153(6): 871 - 877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. P. Kristiansen and T. Mandrup-Poulsen Interleukin-6 and Diabetes: The Good, the Bad, or the Indifferent? Diabetes, December 1, 2005; 54(suppl_2): S114 - S124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. M. van Ree, A. P. J. de Vries, L. H. Oterdoom, T. H. The, R. T. Gansevoort, J. J. Homan van der Heide, W. J. van Son, R. J. Ploeg, P. E. de Jong, R. O. B. Gans, et al. Abdominal obesity and smoking are important determinants of C-reactive protein in renal transplant recipients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2005; 20(11): 2524 - 2531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Cinti, G. Mitchell, G. Barbatelli, I. Murano, E. Ceresi, E. Faloia, S. Wang, M. Fortier, A. S. Greenberg, and M. S. Obin Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2005; 46(11): 2347 - 2355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Dahlman, M. Kaaman, T. Olsson, G. D. Tan, A. S. T. Bickerton, K. Wahlen, J. Andersson, E. A. Nordstrom, L. Blomqvist, A. Sjogren, et al. A Unique Role of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 among Chemokines in Adipose Tissue of Obese Subjects J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2005; 90(10): 5834 - 5840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Berndt, N. Kloting, S. Kralisch, P. Kovacs, M. Fasshauer, M. R. Schon, M. Stumvoll, and M. Bluher Plasma Visfatin Concentrations and Fat Depot-Specific mRNA Expression in Humans Diabetes, October 1, 2005; 54(10): 2911 - 2916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kralisch, J. Klein, U. Lossner, M. Bluher, R. Paschke, M. Stumvoll, and M. Fasshauer Interleukin-6 is a negative regulator of visfatin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2005; 289(4): E586 - E590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Sesti, L. Perego, M. Cardellini, F. Andreozzi, C. Ricasoli, P. Vedani, V. Guzzi, M. Marchi, M. Paganelli, G. Ferla, et al. Impact of Common Polymorphisms in Candidate Genes for Insulin Resistance and Obesity on Weight Loss of Morbidly Obese Subjects after Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding and Hypocaloric Diet J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2005; 90(9): 5064 - 5069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Cancello, C. Henegar, N. Viguerie, S. Taleb, C. Poitou, C. Rouault, M. Coupaye, V. Pelloux, D. Hugol, J.-L. Bouillot, et al. Reduction of Macrophage Infiltration and Chemoattractant Gene Expression Changes in White Adipose Tissue of Morbidly Obese Subjects After Surgery-Induced Weight Loss Diabetes, August 1, 2005; 54(8): 2277 - 2286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Klover, A. H. Clementi, and R. A. Mooney Interleukin-6 Depletion Selectively Improves Hepatic Insulin Action in Obesity Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3417 - 3427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Plomgaard, P. Keller, C. Keller, and B. K. Pedersen TNF-{alpha}, but not IL-6, stimulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human subcutaneous adipose tissue J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2005; 98(6): 2019 - 2023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-H. Yu and H. N. Ginsberg Adipocyte Signaling and Lipid Homeostasis: Sequelae of Insulin-Resistant Adipose Tissue Circ. Res., May 27, 2005; 96(10): 1042 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Kasapis and P. D. Thompson The Effects of Physical Activity on Serum C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1563 - 1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. H. Berg and P. E. Scherer Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease Circ. Res., May 13, 2005; 96(9): 939 - 949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. W. Lau, B. Dhillon, H. Yan, P. E. Szmitko, and S. Verma Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2031 - H2041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. H. Goodpaster, S. Krishnaswami, T. B. Harris, A. Katsiaras, S. B. Kritchevsky, E. M. Simonsick, M. Nevitt, P. Holvoet, and A. B. Newman Obesity, Regional Body Fat Distribution, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women Arch Intern Med, April 11, 2005; 165(7): 777 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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