| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Reproductive Endocrinology |
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (S.B., B.C.), Los Angeles, California 90059; the Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center (N.B., J.P., W.P.L., R.C.), Torrance, California 90509; Stable Isotope Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine (K.E.Y.), St. Louis, Missouri 63110; and El Camino College (T.W.S., T.J.B.), Torrance, California 90504
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Shalender Bhasin, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, and University of California School of Medicine, 1621 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Seven hypogonadal men, 19–47 yr of age, after at least a 12-week washout from previous androgen therapy, were treated for 10 weeks with testosterone enanthate (100 mg/week) by im injections. Body weight, fat-free mass measured by underwater weighing and deuterated water dilution, and muscle size measured by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed before and after treatment. Energy and protein intake were standardized at 35 Cal/kg·day and 1.5 g/kg·day, respectively.
Body weight increased significantly from 79.2 ± 5.6 to 83.7 ± 5.7 kg after 10 weeks of testosterone replacement therapy (weight gain, 4.5 ± 0.6 kg; P = 0.0064). Fat-free mass, measured by underwater weighing, increased from 56.0 ± 2.5 to 60.9 ± 2.2 kg (change, +5.0 ± 0.7 kg; P = 0.0004), but percent fat did not significantly change. Similar increases in fat-free mass were observed with the deuterated water method. The cross-sectional area of the triceps arm muscle increased from 2421 ± 317 to 2721 ± 239 mm2 (P = 0.045), and that of the quadriceps leg muscle increased from 7173 ± 464 to 7720 ± 454 mm2 (P = 0.0427), measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle strength, assessed by one repetition maximum of weight-lifting exercises increased significantly after testosterone treatment. L-[1-13C]Leucine turnover, leucine oxidation, and nonoxidative disappearance of leucine did not significantly change after 10 weeks of treatment. There was no significant change in hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatinine, and transaminase levels.
Replacement doses of testosterone increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in hypogonadal men. Whether androgen replacement in wasting states characterized by low testosterone levels will have similar anabolic effects remains to be studied.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in exploring the anabolic applications of androgens, particularly to reverse the sarcopenia associated with the human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, aging, and other chronic illnesses (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18). We, therefore, examined the effects of testosterone replacement therapy on body composition and muscle size in otherwise healthy hypogonadal men. Energy and protein intake and exercise level were controlled throughout the 10-week treatment period. Body composition was assessed by underwater weighing and deuterium water methods. Those men who were previously receiving testosterone replacement therapy underwent a 12-week washout to maximize the chances of demonstrating androgen-induced changes in body composition.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Subjects
The study participants were hypogonadal men, 19–50 yr of age and otherwise in good health. Those with diabetes, systemic illness, or neoplastic disease were excluded. The men had previously been treated with testosterone esters or gonadotropins. Men who had ever used recreational drugs or had a history of psychiatric or behavioral disorders were excluded.
Study design
Of the nine men who were recruited, two dropped out during the early treatment phase because of scheduling difficulties or compliance problems. The remaining seven men completed all aspects of the study. This was an open label, nonrandomized study. The study was divided into a washout period and a 10-week treatment period. At the end of the 10-week treatment period, the subjects resumed their usual treatment, but were asked to return 4 months later for evaluation.
Standardization of protein and energy intake
Two weeks before the beginning of treatment (day 1), the subjects were instructed to consume a standardized daily 36 Cal/kg diet containing 1.5 g/kg protein and 100% of the RDA intake of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Dietary compliance was verified every 4 weeks by 3-day food records. Dietary intake was adjusted every 2 weeks based on changes in body weight.
Washout from previous testosterone treatment
All subjects were required to stop testosterone treatment at least 12 weeks before the initiation of the study to reverse the effects of prior testosterone treatment. The subjects were asked not to undertake any weight lifting or heavy endurance exercise for 4 weeks before starting testosterone treatment.
Testosterone treatment
The participants received 100 mg testosterone enanthate in sesame oil, im, weekly at the Clinical Research Center. This is the usual dose given for replacement therapy in men with hypogonadism and is believed to be physiological (19, 20, 21). Previous studies (19, 20, 21) had established that a dose of 100 mg given every week provides less fluctuations in serum testosterone levels than regimens employing 200 mg every 2 weeks or 300 mg every 3 weeks.
Exercise
The men were asked not to undertake any weight lifting or moderate to heavy endurance exercise. These instructions were reinforced during their visits to the Clinical Research Center.
Evaluation procedures and outcome measures
The primary outcome measure was fat-free mass determined by underwater weighing. In addition, body composition was assessed by the deuterium water dilution method. Muscle size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and muscle strength was determined by one repetition maximum of the bench press and squat exercises before and at the end of the 10-week treatment period. Body weight was recorded with minimal clothing on the same scale every 2 weeks. Serum total and free testosterone levels, LH, FSH, and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured during weeks -4, -2, and -1 before treatment and on days 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 of the treatment period. Blood counts and chemistries (including serum transaminase levels) were measured during weeks -4 and -1 before treatment; on days 28, 56, and 70 of the treatment period; and at the end of the 4-month recovery period. Periodic evaluations for adverse experiences were made during weeks -4 and -1 before treatment; on days 28, 56, and 70 of the treatment period; and 4 months after discontinuation of treatment.
Assessment of muscle size
Muscle size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging of the arm and leg at the middiaphysial level, the junction of the upper third and middle third, and the junction of the middle third and lower third (22). The cross-sectional areas of the limb, the sc tissue, the muscle compartment, and the quadriceps or the triceps muscles were computed.
Body composition analysis
Fat-free mass was estimated from body density measurements obtained by underwater weighing. During underwater weighing, the men were asked to exhale to residual lung volume, which was measured by helium dilution immediately before testing.
For the deuterium dilution method of analysis of body composition, the men ingested 20 g deuterium oxide by mouth and washed it down with an additional 100 mL tap water (23). Plasma samples were drawn at -15, 0, 120, 180, and 240 min. Preliminary studies had shown that a steady state of plasma deuterium concentrations is maintained between 120–240 min.
Muscle strength
Effort-dependent muscle performance was assessed by the one repetition maximum method for the supine bench press and parallel squat exercises (24). Each man completed a sequence of increasingly more difficult lifts; the maximum amount of weight lifted, the one repetition maximum, was recorded as a measure of strength. The men were instructed in the proper technique and tested on two different occasions, several days apart, until stable measurements of strength were achieved.
Hormone measurements
Serum LH and FSH were measured by immunofluorometric assays (25, 26), each with a sensitivity of 0.05 IU/L. The cross-reactivity of the
free 
-subunit and other glycoproteins in the LH and FSH assays was
less than 1%. Serum testosterone was measured by immunoassay, and free
testosterone was measured by equilibrium dialysis (26), as previously
described. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin was measured by
immunoassays using reagents purchased from Delphia-Wallac (Turku,
Finland) (22).
Study of protein dynamics
After an overnight fast, the whole body leucine kinetics and oxidation were measured during a primed continuous iv infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine (27). A bolus dose of 1 mg/kg L-[1-13C]leucine and [13C]sodium bicarbonate (0.08 mg/kg) was injected iv to prime the respective pools followed by a constant infusion of 1 mg/kg·h L-[1-13C]leucine into a forearm vein (28). Samples of venous blood, drawn from a superficial hand vein (retrograde direction) in the opposite arm, and expired air were collected at 10 and 0 min before and 2, 6, 7, and 8 h after the start of the infusion. The exhaled air was collected in a latex bag, and a sample of the mixed exhalate was transferred to an air-tight glass vial for measurement of 12CO2 and 13CO2.
Plasma -keto-isocaproic acid, the intracellular conversion product
and ketoacid of leucine, was chemically derivatized to trimethylsilyl
quinoxalinol. Plasma -[13C]keto isocaproic acid
isotopic enrichment was determined using electron impact ionization gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (5980A-MSD, Hewlett-Packard, Palo
Alto, CA). Separation of ketoacids was achieved using a DB-1 capillary
column (12 m; id, 0.25 mm; 0.33-µm film) and selected ion monitoring
of mass to charge (m/z) 233 and 232 was used to measure isotopic
abundance (28). The partial pressure of CO2 in the expired
air was measured using a mass spectrometer (model 1100 Medical Gas
Analyzer, Perkin-Elmer), and the volume of gas was measured with a
Colins gasometer (Instrumentation Associates, New York, NY). Expired
air 13CO2 and 12CO2
were measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (27).
The molar enrichment of the labeled species was calculated from mass
spectra using the least square approach. Plasma leucine flux, leucine
oxidation, and nonoxidative leucine disappearance were calculated using
plasma [13C]-keto-isocaproic acid abundance at plateau
as previously described. The whole body protein synthesis rate was
calculated from the nonoxidative portion of leucine flux, assuming that
the leucine content of protein in human tissue is 7.8%.
Statistical analysis
The data were averaged across subjects to obtain group means and SEM. Baseline and week 10 values were compared using the paired t test. Significance was accepted as P < 0.05.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The subjects were healthy hypogonadal men, ranging in age from
21–47 yr (Table 1
); three were Caucasian, two were
African-American, one was Hispanic, and one was Asian-American. Four
men had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to Klinefelter’s syndrome.
Two patients had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; one of these two
patients had idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and the other
had panhypopituitarism due to resection of a craniopharyngioma. One man
had hypogonadism in association with multiple autoimmune endocrine
organ failures; however, this patient had LH and FSH levels in the
normal range (Table 1).
|
). Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
aminotransferase, 
-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase
levels did not change significantly (Table 2).
|
Serum testosterone levels increased from a baseline of 2.5 ±
1.0 to 17.7 ± 3.2 nmol/L (mean ± SEM) on day 15
and were maintained in the normal male range throughout the treatment
period (Table 3). These values represent nadir levels 7
days after each testosterone injection, and serum testosterone levels
at other times were presumably higher. Free testosterone levels
increased from a baseline of 66 ± 24 pmol/L to 257 ± 69 on
day 29, 243 ± 42 on day 57, and 239 ± 28 during week 10
(Table 3). Serum LH levels decreased significantly from 13.9 ±
3.2 to 3.1 ± 1.5 U/L, and serum FSH levels decreased from
24.5 ± 4.5 to 6.0 ± 2.0 U/L during week 10 in the five
hypergonadotropic men (Table 3).
|
All men experienced increases in body weight ranging from 2.8–7.0
kg, for an average gain of 4.5 ± 0.6 kg (P =
0.0004) or 5.8 ± 1.0% (Fig. 1). The subjects
started to gain weight within 1 or 2 weeks after starting treatment,
and there was progressive weight gain throughout the first 6 weeks of
the treatment period (data not shown).
|
Fat-free mass, measured by underwater weighing, increased
significantly from 56.0 ± 2.5 to 60.9 ± 2.2 kg by an
average of 5.0 ± 0.7 kg (P = 0.0004) or 8.9
± 1.4% (Fig. 1
). Thus, almost all the weight gain could be explained
by the increase in fat-free mass. The percent fat did not significantly
change during treatment (26.9 ± 3.0% at baseline vs.
25.7 ± 3.4% at 10 weeks; change, -1.3 ± 1.4 kg;
P = NS).
Similar increases in fat-free mass were observed with the deuterium
water dilution method (Fig. 2; 56.1 ± 4.5
vs. 63.1 ± 5.3 kg, baseline vs. week 10;
P = 0.008). Total body water increased from 40.9
± 3.3 kg at baseline to 46.0 ± 3.9 kg at week 10; however, the
percent water did not significantly change (52 ± 3%
vs. 55 ± 3%; P = 0.08). Fat mass,
derived by the deuterium water method, did not significantly change
(22.8 ± 4.1 vs. 20.6 ± 3.4 kg; P
= NS).
|
The cross-sectional area of the arm muscles increased
significantly at all three levels (Table 4). The triceps
muscle area increased by 12% (2421 ± 317 mm2 at
baseline vs. 2721 ± 239 mm2 at week 10;
P = 0.046). The cross-sectional area of the leg
increased significantly; the quadriceps area increased by 8% from
7173 ± 464 at baseline to 7720 ± 454 mm2 at
week 10 (P = 0.043; Table 4). The sc fat area in the
arm or thigh did not significantly change.
|
Strength in the bench press increased from 50.4 ± 4.1 to 61.4 ± 4.1 kg, for a gain of 22 ± 3% (P < 0.002). The squat strength increased from 70.0 ± 10.9 to 101.8 ± 12.7 kg (P < 0.006).
Protein metabolism
Whole body leucine flux, oxidation, and nonoxidative leucine
disappearance rates (Table 5) did not significantly
change during testosterone treatment.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
It is surprising that the whole body leucine turnover, a surrogate for protein dynamics, did not significantly change during the 10-week treatment period despite substantial gains in fat-free mass. Several explanations are possible. First, testosterone may increase nitrogen balance and leucine turnover early in the course of treatment, and these early effects may have been missed because the measurements were performed only at the end of the 10-week treatment period. In support of this possibility, the weight gain started within the first week of treatment, and maximum weight gain had been achieved by 6 weeks of treatment. Second, small changes (3–5%) in nitrogen balance or leucine turnover may have occurred, but were not detected. Third, it is possible that testosterone may selectively increase muscle protein synthesis. Because muscle protein synthesis accounts for only 20% of whole body protein synthesis, and this tissue has a slow (1–2%) turnover, significant changes in the former may not be reflected in the whole body leucine turnover. We used leucine flux as a marker of whole body protein turnover, but no single amino acid can completely represent the entire amino acid pool.
Testosterone esters do not replicate either the diurnal or the pulsatile rhythm that characterizes endogenous testosterone secretion (6, 21). The significance of the pulsatile and diurnal hormone secretory rhythms in the regulation of protein and intermediary metabolism is not known.
It has been argued that testosterone-treated men might perform better on effort-dependent measures of muscle strength, such as the one repetition maximum because of the behavioral effects of testosterone on aggression (2, 3). Several aspects of aggressive behavior in male animals, particularly territoriality and competition at the time of mate selection, are androgen dependent (29, 30, 31, 32). However, the effects of testosterone on aggression in humans remain controversial (29, 30, 31, 32). In a recent study (33), we were unable to discern any significant effect on angry behaviors in men receiving supraphysiological doses of testosterone. In this study, the gains in strength were associated with increases in muscle size, presumably reflecting muscle hypertrophy. Also, the exercise and activity levels were maintained constant throughout the treatment period. However, it is possible that some of the increase in strength might reflect androgen effects on motivation or aggression.
We did not measure the extracellular water; it is possible that some of the weight gain might have been due to water retention induced by testosterone. However, proportionate increases in estimates of fat-free mass by deuterium water and underwater weighing, and the lack of a significant change in the ratio of total body water (calculated by the deuterated water method) and fat-free mass (estimated from underwater weighing) suggest that the weight gain during treatment reflects significant changes in the body cell mass rather than extracellular water retention.
Similar data on the effects of testosterone replacement on weight gain and lean body mass were reported in a recent abstract (34). However, hypogonadal men reported in that abstract were studied over a 28-month period; exercise stimulus and dietary intake were not controlled. Body composition in that study was assessed by bioelectrical impedance, which is not as accurate a method as underwater weighing.
The greater gains in fat-free mass during pubertal development by boys than by girls are largely attributed to the higher testosterone levels in boys. Gregory et al. (35) reported similar anabolic effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in adolescent boys.
Previous data (22, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41) demonstrated that supraphysiological doses of testosterone increase muscle size and strength in healthy men. Taken together with the observations reported in this manuscript, we conclude that both replacement and supraphysiological doses of testosterone augment fat-free mass and strength. Increasing serum testosterone concentrations from the hypogonadal to the midnormal range leads to an 8–10% increase in fat-free mass; when serum testosterone levels are increased from the midnormal to the supraphysiological range, further gains in fat-free mass and muscle size can be realized. It remains unclear whether the testosterone dose-response curve is linear with respect to its effects on fat-free mass, as proposed by Forbes (42), or whether there are two dose response-curves, one in the hypogonadal range with maximal response corresponding to the lower end of the normal male range, and a second dose-response curve in the supraphysiological range, representing a second mechanism of action, such as through an antiglucocorticoid effect (2, 3).
As the spectrum of hypogonadal states has expanded, there has been growing interest in exploring the anabolic applications of testosterone in clinical disorders characterized by loss of muscle mass and associated with a high prevalence of low testosterone levels. Examples of such wasting states include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (13, 14, 15), cancer cachexia, chronic obstructive lung disease (18), aging (16, 17, 43, 44), and chronic infections. Twenty to 70% of HIV-infected men have serum testosterone levels in the hypogonadal range depending on the stage of the disease (13, 14, 15). There is an inverse correlation between serum testosterone concentrations and weight loss in HIV-infected men, leading to speculation that low testosterone levels contribute to the loss of lean body mass, muscle wasting, and frailty. Our results indicate that testosterone replacement of hypogonadal men, who are not HIV infected, can increase fat-free mass and muscle size. The hypothesis that replacement doses of testosterone can augment lean body mass and promote weight gain in HIV-infected men or in sarcopenic states with low testosterone levels remains to be tested.
We studied only a few androgen-dependent outcomes; for example, bone mineral metabolism was not examined in this study. A single standardized replacement dose that restored serum testosterone levels into the midnormal range was used. Although this dose augments fat-free mass and muscle size, we do not know whether this represents an optimum replacement regimen. The dose dependency of testosterone effects on various metabolic and behavioral processes is not known. Experimental data in animals and clinical experience suggest that sexual function can be maintained in men by relatively low levels of testosterone. However, it is not known whether these low levels of testosterone can maintain protein or bone metabolism or whether the high androgen levels required to maintain bone density might adversely affect the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity. Detailed dose-response studies are needed to optimize testosterone replacement therapy.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Received August 8, 1996.
Revised September 23, 1996.
Accepted September 24, 1996.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  D. M. Keenan and J. D. Veldhuis Age-dependent regression analysis of male gonadal axis Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): R1215 - R1227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ophoff, K. Van Proeyen, F. Callewaert, K. De Gendt, K. De Bock, A. Vanden Bosch, G. Verhoeven, P. Hespel, and D. Vanderschueren Androgen Signaling in Myocytes Contributes to the Maintenance of Muscle Mass and Fiber Type Regulation But Not to Muscle Strength or Fatigue Endocrinology, August 1, 2009; 150(8): 3558 - 3566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Singh, S. Bhasin, M. Braga, J. N. Artaza, S. Pervin, W. E. Taylor, V. Krishnan, S. K. Sinha, T. B. Rajavashisth, and R. Jasuja Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation by Androgens: Cross Talk between Androgen Receptor/ {beta}-Catenin and Follistatin/Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling Pathways Endocrinology, March 1, 2009; 150(3): 1259 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Rice, R. E. Brannigan, R. K. Campbell, S. Fine, L. Jack Jr, J. B. Nelson, and J. Regan-Klich Men's Health, Low Testosterone, and Diabetes: Individualized Treatment and a Multidisciplinary Approach The Diabetes Educator, November 1, 2008; 34(5_suppl): 97S - 112S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Burnes, S. J. Kolker, J. F. Danielson, R. Y. Walder, and K. A. Sluka Enhanced muscle fatigue occurs in male but not female ASIC3-/- mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): R1347 - R1355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Rothman, D. B. Arciniegas, C. M. Filley, and M. E. Wierman The Neuroendocrine Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, November 1, 2007; 19(4): 363 - 372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G.-R. Chen, R.-S. Ge, H. Lin, L. Dong, C. M. Sottas, and M. P. Hardy Development of a cryopreservation protocol for Leydig cells Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2007; 22(8): 2160 - 2168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Montano, J. N. Flanagan, L. Jiang, P. Sebastiani, M. Rarick, N. K. LeBrasseur, C. A. Morris, R. Jasuja, and S. Bhasin Transcriptional Profiling of Testosterone-Regulated Genes in the Skeletal Muscle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men Experiencing Weight Loss J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2793 - 2802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Brauck, C. J Galban, S. Maderwald, B. L Herrmann, and M. E Ladd Changes in calf muscle elasticity in hypogonadal males before and after testosterone substitution as monitored by magnetic resonance elastography Eur. J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2007; 156(6): 673 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G.D. Cooper, L.C. Pickavance, J.P.H. Wilding, J.A. HarroLd, J.C.G. HaLford, and A.J. Goudie Effects of olanzapine in male rats: enhanced adiposity in the absence of hyperphagia, weight gain or metabolic abnormalities J Psychopharmacol, June 1, 2007; 21(4): 405 - 413. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. L. Ries, G. S. Bauldoff, B. W. Carlin, R. Casaburi, C. F. Emery, D. A. Mahler, B. Make, C. L. Rochester, R. ZuWallack, and C. Herrerias Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest, May 1, 2007; 131(5_suppl): 4S - 42S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Lapauw, S Goemaere, P Crabbe, J M Kaufman, and J B Ruige Is the effect of testosterone on body composition modulated by the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in elderly men? Eur. J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2007; 156(3): 395 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Mulligan, R. Zackin, J. H. Von Roenn, M. A. Chesney, M. J. Egorin, F. R. Sattler, C. A. Benson, T. Liu, T. Umbleja, S. Shriver, et al. Testosterone Supplementation of Megestrol Therapy Does Not Enhance Lean Tissue Accrual in Men with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Weight Loss: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 563 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Fujita, B. B. Rasmussen, J. A. Bell, J. G. Cadenas, and E. Volpi Basal muscle intracellular amino acid kinetics in women and men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2007; 292(1): E77 - E83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. V. Reeves, R. R. Kraemer, D. B. Hollander, J. Clavier, C. Thomas, M. Francois, and V. D. Castracane Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2006; 101(6): 1616 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-M. Axell, H. E. MacLean, D. R. Plant, L. J. Harcourt, J. A. Davis, M. Jimenez, D. J. Handelsman, G. S. Lynch, and J. D. Zajac Continuous testosterone administration prevents skeletal muscle atrophy and enhances resistance to fatigue in orchidectomized male mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2006; 291(3): E506 - E516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Sinha-Hikim, M. Cornford, H. Gaytan, M. L. Lee, and S. Bhasin Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy and Satellite Cells in Community-Dwelling Older Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 3024 - 3033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bojesen, K. Kristensen, N. H. Birkebaek, J. Fedder, L. Mosekilde, P. Bennett, P. Laurberg, J. Frystyk, A. Flyvbjerg, J. S. Christiansen, et al. The Metabolic Syndrome Is Frequent in Klinefelter's Syndrome and Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity and Hypogonadism Diabetes Care, July 1, 2006; 29(7): 1591 - 1598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, G. R. Cunningham, F. J. Hayes, A. M. Matsumoto, P. J. Snyder, R. S. Swerdloff, and V. M. Montori Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 1995 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Handelsman The Rationale for Banning Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Estrogen Blockers in Sport J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1646 - 1653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. L. Ding, Y. Song, V. S. Malik, and S. Liu Sex Differences of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis JAMA, March 15, 2006; 295(11): 1288 - 1299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Giannoulis, P. H. Sonksen, M. Umpleby, L. Breen, C. Pentecost, M. Whyte, C. V. McMillan, C. Bradley, and F. C. Martin The Effects of Growth Hormone and/or Testosterone in Healthy Elderly Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 477 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. O'Donnell, T. G. Travison, S. S. Harris, J. L. Tenover, and J. B. McKinlay Testosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, and Physical Performance in Older Men: Results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 425 - 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Singh, J. N. Artaza, W. E. Taylor, M. Braga, X. Yuan, N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, and S. Bhasin Testosterone Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells: Nuclear Translocation of Androgen Receptor Complex with {beta}-Catenin and T-Cell Factor 4 May Bypass Canonical Wnt Signaling to Down-Regulate Adipogenic Transcription Factors Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 141 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. T. Schroeder, A. F. Vallejo, L. Zheng, Y. Stewart, C. Flores, S. Nakao, C. Martinez, and F. R. Sattler Six-Week Improvements in Muscle Mass and Strength During Androgen Therapy in Older Men J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2005; 60(12): 1586 - 1592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Chen, J. D Zajac, and H. E MacLean Androgen regulation of satellite cell function J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2005; 186(1): 21 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Troosters, R. Casaburi, R. Gosselink, and M. Decramer Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 1, 2005; 172(1): 19 - 38. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Chen, J. Kim, and J. T. Dalton Discovery and Therapeutic Promise of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Mol. Interv., June 1, 2005; 5(3): 173 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Laghi, W. E. Langbein, A. Antonescu-Turcu, A. Jubran, C. Bammert, and M. J. Tobin Respiratory and Skeletal Muscles in Hypogonadal Men with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2005; 171(6): 598 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Vlahopoulos, W. E. Zimmer, G. Jenster, N. S. Belaguli, S. P. Balk, A. O. Brinkmann, R. B. Lanz, V. C. Zoumpourlis, and R. J. Schwartz Recruitment of the Androgen Receptor via Serum Response Factor Facilitates Expression of a Myogenic Gene J. Biol. Chem., March 4, 2005; 280(9): 7786 - 7792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Jasuja, P. Ramaraj, R. P. Mac, A. B. Singh, T. W. Storer, J. Artaza, A. Miller, R. Singh, W. E. Taylor, M. L. Lee, et al. {Delta}-4-Androstene-3,17-Dione Binds Androgen Receptor, Promotes Myogenesis in Vitro, and Increases Serum Testosterone Levels, Fat-Free Mass, and Muscle Strength in Hypogonadal Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 855 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, L. Woodhouse, R. Casaburi, A. B. Singh, R. P. Mac, M. Lee, K. E. Yarasheski, I. Sinha-Hikim, C. Dzekov, J. Dzekov, et al. Older Men Are as Responsive as Young Men to the Anabolic Effects of Graded Doses of Testosterone on the Skeletal Muscle J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 678 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, A. D. Rogol, J. C. Lovejoy, M. Sheffield-Moore, N. Mauras, and C. Y. Bowers Endocrine Control of Body Composition in Infancy, Childhood, and Puberty Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2005; 26(1): 114 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. T. Page, K. L. Herbst, J. K. Amory, A. D. Coviello, B. D. Anawalt, A. M. Matsumoto, and W. J. Bremner Testosterone Administration Suppresses Adiponectin Levels in Men J Androl, January 1, 2005; 26(1): 85 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Borst, J. H. Lee, and C. F. Conover Inhibition of 5{alpha}-reductase blocks prostate effects of testosterone without blocking anabolic effects Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2005; 288(1): E222 - E227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Casaburi, S. Bhasin, L. Cosentino, J. Porszasz, A. Somfay, M. I. Lewis, M. Fournier, and T. W. Storer Effects of Testosterone and Resistance Training in Men with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2004; 170(8): 870 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Schroeder, L. Zheng, M. D. Ong, C. Martinez, C. Flores, Y. Stewart, C. Azen, and F. R. Sattler Effects of Androgen Therapy on Adipose Tissue and Metabolism in Older Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2004; 89(10): 4863 - 4872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Sinha-Hikim, W. E. Taylor, N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, W. Zheng, and S. Bhasin Androgen Receptor in Human Skeletal Muscle and Cultured Muscle Satellite Cells: Up-Regulation by Androgen Treatment J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2004; 89(10): 5245 - 5255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Smith, M. Goode, A. L. Zietman, F. J. McGovern, H. Lee, and J. S. Finkelstein Bicalutamide Monotherapy Versus Leuprolide Monotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Effects on Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2004; 22(13): 2546 - 2553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Vanderschueren, L. Vandenput, S. Boonen, M. K. Lindberg, R. Bouillon, and C. Ohlsson Androgens and Bone Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 389 - 425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Wang, G. Cunningham, A. Dobs, A. Iranmanesh, A. M. Matsumoto, P. J. Snyder, T. Weber, N. Berman, L. Hull, and R. S. Swerdloff Long-Term Testosterone Gel (AndroGel) Treatment Maintains Beneficial Effects on Sexual Function and Mood, Lean and Fat Mass, and Bone Mineral Density in Hypogonadal Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2004; 89(5): 2085 - 2098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Schroeder, L. Zheng, K. E. Yarasheski, D. Qian, Y. Stewart, C. Flores, C. Martinez, M. Terk, and F. R. Sattler Treatment with oxandrolone and the durability of effects in older men J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2004; 96(3): 1055 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Evans Current Concepts in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2004; 32(2): 534 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Woodhouse, N. Gupta, M. Bhasin, A. B. Singh, R. Ross, J. Phillips, and S. Bhasin Dose-Dependent Effects of Testosterone on Regional Adipose Tissue Distribution in Healthy Young Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 718 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, W. E. Taylor, R. Singh, J. Artaza, I. Sinha-Hikim, R. Jasuja, H. Choi, and N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid The Mechanisms of Androgen Effects on Body Composition: Mesenchymal Pluripotent Cell as the Target of Androgen Action J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2003; 58(12): M1103 - 1110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E.C. Creutzberg and R. Casaburi Endocrinological disturbances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur. Respir. J., November 2, 2003; 22(46_suppl): 76s - 80s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin Testosterone Supplementation for Aging-Associated Sarcopenia J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2003; 58(11): M1002 - 1008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Singh, J. N. Artaza, W. E. Taylor, N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, and S. Bhasin Androgens Stimulate Myogenic Differentiation and Inhibit Adipogenesis in C3H 10T1/2 Pluripotent Cells through an Androgen Receptor-Mediated Pathway Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 5081 - 5088. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Svartberg, R. Jorde, J. Sundsfjord, K. H. Bonaa, and E. Barrett-Connor Seasonal Variation of Testosterone and Waist to Hip Ratio in Men: The Tromso Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 3099 - 3104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. L. Crawford, P. Y. Liu, M. T. Kean, J. F. Bleasel, and D. J. Handelsman Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Androgen Effects on Muscle and Bone in Men Requiring Long-Term Systemic Glucocorticoid Treatment J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 3167 - 3176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Wittert, I. M. Chapman, M. T. Haren, S. Mackintosh, P. Coates, and J. E. Morley Oral Testosterone Supplementation Increases Muscle and Decreases Fat Mass in Healthy Elderly Males With Low-Normal Gonadal Status J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2003; 58(7): M618 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Schroeder, M. Terk, and F. R. Sattler Androgen therapy improves muscle mass and strength but not muscle quality: results from two studies Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2003; 285(1): E16 - E24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Sinha-Hikim, S. M. Roth, M. I. Lee, and S. Bhasin Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2003; 285(1): E197 - E205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Woodhouse, S. Reisz-Porszasz, M. Javanbakht, T. W. Storer, M. Lee, H. Zerounian, and S. Bhasin Development of models to predict anabolic response to testosterone administration in healthy young men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2003; 284(5): E1009 - E1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Lee, J. McClung, G. A. Hand, and J. A. Carson Overload-induced androgen receptor expression in the aged rat hindlimb receiving nandrolone decanoate J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2003; 94(3): 1153 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Schroeder, A. Singh, S. Bhasin, T. W. Storer, C. Azen, T. Davidson, C. Martinez, I. Sinha-Hikim, S. V. Jaque, M. Terk, et al. Effects of an oral androgen on muscle and metabolism in older, community-dwelling men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2003; 284(1): E120 - E128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Blackman, J. D. Sorkin, T. Munzer, M. F. Bellantoni, J. Busby-Whitehead, T. E. Stevens, J. Jayme, K. G. O'Connor, C. Christmas, J. D. Tobin, et al. Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Administration in Healthy Aged Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, November 13, 2002; 288(18): 2282 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Roy, M. R. Blackman, S. M. Harman, J. D. Tobin, M. Schrager, and E. J. Metter Interrelationships of serum testosterone and free testosterone index with FFM and strength in aging men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2002; 283(2): E284 - E294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Carson, W. J. Lee, J. McClung, and G. A. Hand Steroid receptor concentration in aged rat hindlimb muscle: effect of anabolic steroid administration J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2002; 93(1): 242 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Y. Liu, S. M. Wishart, and D. J. Handelsman A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial of Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Muscle Strength and Physical Function and Activity in Older Men with Partial Age-Related Androgen Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3125 - 3135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Sinha-Hikim, J. Artaza, L. Woodhouse, N. Gonzalez-Cadavid, A. B. Singh, M. I. Lee, T. W. Storer, R. Casaburi, R. Shen, and S. Bhasin Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2002; 283(1): E154 - E164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Weisberg, J. Wanger, J. Olson, B. Streit, C. Fogarty, T. Martin, and R. Casaburi Megestrol Acetate Stimulates Weight Gain and Ventilation in Underweight COPD Patients* Chest, April 1, 2002; 121(4): 1070 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Biskobing COPD and Osteoporosis Chest, February 1, 2002; 121(2): 609 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Matsumoto Andropause: Clinical Implications of the Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels With Aging in Men J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2002; 57(2): M76 - 99. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Kuhn Anabolic Steroids Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2002; 57(1): 411 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, L. Woodhouse, R. Casaburi, A. B. Singh, D. Bhasin, N. Berman, X. Chen, K. E. Yarasheski, L. Magliano, C. Dzekov, et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2001; 281(6): E1172 - E1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Vermeulen Androgen Replacement Therapy in the Aging Male--A Critical Evaluation J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2380 - 2390. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. van den Beld, F. H. de Jong, D. E. Grobbee, H. A. P. Pols, and S. W. J. Lamberts Measures of Bioavailable Serum Testosterone and Estradiol and Their Relationships with Muscle Strength, Bone Density, and Body Composition in Elderly Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3276 - 3282. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Snyder, H. Peachey, J. A. Berlin, P. Hannoush, G. Haddad, A. Dlewati, J. Santanna, L. Loh, D. A. Lenrow, J. H. Holmes, et al. Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Hypogonadal Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2670 - 2677. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Wang, R. S. Swerdloff, A. Iranmanesh, A. Dobs, P. J. Snyder, G. Cunningham, A. M. Matsumoto, T. Weber, and N. Berman the Testosterone Gel Study Group Transdermal Testosterone Gel Improves Sexual Function, Mood, Muscle Strength, and Body Composition Parameters in Hypogonadal Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2839 - 2853. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Casaburi Skeletal Muscle Function in COPD Chest, May 1, 2000; 117 (2009): 267S - 271S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C Gould, R. Petty, and H. S Jacobs For and against: The male menopause---does it exist? • For • Against BMJ, March 25, 2000; 320(7238): 858 - 861. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, T. W. Storer, M. Javanbakht, N. Berman, K. E. Yarasheski, J. Phillips, M. Dike, I. Sinha-Hikim, R. Shen, R. D. Hays, et al. Testosterone Replacement and Resistance Exercise in HIV-Infected Men With Weight Loss and Low Testosterone Levels JAMA, February 9, 2000; 283(6): 763 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. B. Rasmussen, E. Volpi, D. C. Gore, and R. R. Wolfe Androstenedione Does Not Stimulate Muscle Protein Anabolism in Young Healthy Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 55 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bhasin and M. Javanbakht Can Androgen Therapy Replete Lean Body Mass and Improve Muscle Function in Wasting Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, November 1, 1999; 23(6_suppl): S195 - S201. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Bross, M. Javanbakht, and S. Bhasin Anabolic Interventions for Aging-Associated Sarcopenia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3420 - 3430. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Snyder, H. Peachey, P. Hannoush, J. A. Berlin, L. Loh, D. A. Lenrow, J. H. Holmes, A. Dlewati, J. Santanna, C. J. Rosen, et al. Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Men Over 65 Years of Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2647 - 2653. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sheffield-Moore, R. J. Urban, S. E. Wolf, J. Jiang, D. H. Catlin, D. N. Herndon, R. R. Wolfe, and A. A. Ferrando Short-Term Oxandrolone Administration Stimulates Net Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2705 - 2711. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Sattler, S. V. Jaque, E. T. Schroeder, C. Olson, M. P. Dube, C. Martinez, W. Briggs, R. Horton, and S. Azen Effects of Pharmacological Doses of Nandrolone Decanoate and Progressive Resistance Training in Immunodeficient Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1999; 84(4): 1268 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . A Statement of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 1, 1999; 159(4): S2 - 40. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. H. Elbers, H. Asscheman, J. C. Seidell, and L. J. G. Gooren Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 1999; 276(2): E317 - E325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Ferrando, K. D. Tipton, D. Doyle, S. M. Phillips, J. Cortiella, and R. R. Wolfe Testosterone injection stimulates net protein synthesis but not tissue amino acid transport Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 1998; 275(5): E864 - E871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin VIII. Conclusion--Research Design Issues in Examining the Effects of Testosterone Supplementation in Older Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1998; 83(10): 3445 - 3448. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, T. W. Storer, N. Asbel-Sethi, A. Kilbourne, R. Hays, I. Sinha-Hikim, R. Shen, S. Arver, and G. Beall Effects of Testosterone Replacement with a Nongenital, Transdermal System, Androderm, in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Low Testosterone Levels J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3155 - 3162. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Luukkaa, U. Pesonen, I. Huhtaniemi, A. Lehtonen, R. Tilvis, J. Tuomilehto, M. Koulu, and R. Huupponen Inverse Correlation between Serum Testosterone and Leptin in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3243 - 3246. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Miller, C. Corcoran, C. Armstrong, K. Caramelli, E. Anderson, D. Cotton, N. Basgoz, L. Hirschhorn, R. Tuomala, D. Schoenfeld, et al. Transdermal Testosterone Administration in Women with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Wasting: A Pilot Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1998; 83(8): 2717 - 2725. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Mauras, V. Hayes, S. Welch, A. Rini, K. Helgeson, M. Dokler, J. D. Veldhuis, and R. J. Urban Testosterone Deficiency in Young Men: Marked Alterations in Whole Body Protein Kinetics, Strength, and Adiposity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1998; 83(6): 1886 - 1892. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Christopher, F. L. Hew, M. Oakley, C. Rantzau, and F. Alford Defects of Insulin Action and Skeletal Muscle Glucose Metabolism in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults Persist after 24 Months of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1998; 83(5): 1668 - 1681. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Sinha-Hikim, S. Arver, G. Beall, R. Shen, M. Guerrero, F. Sattler, C. Shikuma, J. C. Nelson, B.-M. Landgren, N. A. Mazer, et al. The Use of a Sensitive Equilibrium Dialysis Method for the Measurement of Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy, Cycling Women and in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1312 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Arslanian and C. Suprasongsin Testosterone Treatment in Adolescents with Delayed Puberty: Changes in Body Composition, Protein, Fat, and Glucose Metabolism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3213 - 3220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin and J. S. Tenover Age-Associated Sarcopenia--Issues in the Use of Testosterone as an Anabolic Agent in Older Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1997; 82(6): 1659 - 1660. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Ferrando, M. Sheffield-Moore, C. W. Yeckel, C. Gilkison, J. Jiang, A. Achacosa, S. A. Lieberman, K. Tipton, R. R. Wolfe, and R. J. Urban Testosterone administration to older men improves muscle function: molecular and physiological mechanisms Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2002; 282(3): E601 - E607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Endocrinology | Endocrine Reviews | J. Clin. End. & Metab. |
| Molecular Endocrinology | Recent Prog. Horm. Res. | All Endocrine Journals |
