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Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatasia Manifesting in Utero with Long Bone Deformity but Showing Spontaneous Postnatal Improvement

Division of Medical Genetics (D.A.S., J.C.C., J.L.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, and Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine (J.L.B.B.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; Shriners Hospital for Children Intermountain (D.A.S., J.C.C.), Salt Lake City, Utah 84103; Department of Chemistry (S.P.C., K.L.E.), Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805-1499; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (S.M., M.P.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; and Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research (S.M., M.P.W.), Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, Missouri 63131

Address all correspondence to: David A. Stevenson, M.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, 2C412 SOM, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132. E-mail: david.stevenson{at}hsc.utah.edu.

Context: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a heritable metabolic disorder of the skeleton that includes variable expressivity conditioned by gene dosage effect and the variety of mutations in the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene. Patient age when skeletal problems first manifest generally predicts the clinical course, with perinatal HPP causing bone disease in utero with postnatal lethality.

Objective: Our objective was to identify TNSALP mutations and characterize the inheritance pattern of a family with clinically variable HPP with one child manifesting in utero with long bone deformity but showing spontaneous prenatal and postnatal improvement.

Design: TNSALP enzyme and substrate analysis and TNSALP mutation analysis were performed on all family members.

Patients: A boy with HPP showing long bone deformity that spontaneously improved in utero and after birth is described. His older brother has the childhood form of HPP without findings until after infancy. His parents and twin sister are clinically unaffected.

Results: Both boys are compound heterozygotes for the same missense mutations in TNSALP, documenting autosomal recessive inheritance for their HPP. The parents each carry one defective allele.

Conclusions: The patient is an autosomal recessive case of HPP with prenatal long bone deformity but with spontaneous prenatal and postnatal improvement. Thus, prenatal detection by sonography of bowing of long bones from HPP, even with autosomal recessive inheritance, does not necessarily predict lethality but can represent variable expressivity or the effects of modifiers on the TNSALP defect(s).