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Associations of Adiponectin with Body Fat Distribution and Insulin Sensitivity in Nondiabetic Hispanics and African-Americans

Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine (A.J.G.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Division of Clinical Epidemiology (A.J.G.H., S.M.H.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900; Department of Biochemistry (D.B.) and Division of Public Health Sciences (L.E.W., A.B., C.L.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; State University of New York at Stony Brook (M.F.S.), Stony Brook, New York, New York 11794; Medical Genetics Institute (J.I.R., X.G., Y.-D.I.C.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (M.B.-A.), Los Angeles, California 90095; and Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics (J.M.N.), University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Steven Haffner, M.D., M.P.H., Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Mail Code 7873, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900. E-mail: haffner{at}uthscsa.edu.

Context: Hypoadiponectinemia has emerged as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although associations of adiponectin with central obesity and insulin resistance have been reported, very little data are available from studies using detailed measures of insulin sensitivity (S_I) and/or body fat distribution in ethnic groups at high risk for metabolic disease.

Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the correlates of adiponectin in 1636 nondiabetic Hispanics and African-Americans.

Design: A cross-sectional analysis of participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study was conducted. S_I was determined from frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance tests with minimal model analysis. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (SAT, VAT, respectively) were determined with computed tomography. Triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were measured in fasting samples. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to identify factors associated with adiponectin concentration.

Setting: A multicenter study using a family-based design was conducted.

Participants: A total of 1636 nondiabetic Hispanic and African-American subjects participated.

Main Outcome Measures: Circulating adiponectin concentration was measured.

Results: Age, female gender, high-density lipoprotein, SAT, and S_I were positive independent correlates of adiponectin, whereas glucose, CRP, and VAT were negative independent correlates (all P < 0.05). Ethnicity was not an independent correlate of adiponectin in this model (P = 0.27); however, an ethnicity by VAT interaction term was retained, indicating a stronger negative association of VAT with adiponectin in African-Americans compared with Hispanics.

Conclusion: Directly measured S_I, VAT, and SAT were independently correlated with adiponectin in Hispanic and African-American subjects. The inverse association of VAT with adiponectin was stronger in African-Americans compared with Hispanics, a finding that suggests possible ethnic differences in the effects of visceral obesity.

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