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Relationship between Leptin and C-Reactive Protein in Young Finnish Adults

Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (L.A.V.) and Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V.), Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), and Pharmacology, Drug Development, and Therapeutics (R.K.H.), University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Health and Functional Capacity (J.M.), National Public Health Institute, 20720 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TYKSLAB (R.K.H.), Health Care District of Southwest Finland; Departments of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.) and University of Tampere Medical School (T.L., C.E., M.H.), 33014 Tampere, Finland; and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.K.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Olli Raitakari, Department of Clinical Physiology, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland. E-mail: olli.raitakari{at}utu.fi.

Context: Leptin and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations are increased in inflammation, and both have been linked to increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore in a population-based sample whether the relation between leptin and CRP is independent of obesity level and whether genetic causes of CRP elevation contribute to leptin levels.

Design: This was a population-based study including 1862 young adults (971 women; 891 men) aged 24–39 yr.

Setting: The study was conducted at five centers in Finland.

Main Outcome Measures: Associations between leptin and CRP adjusted for obesity indices, risk factors, genetic variables, and lifestyle variables were measured.

Results: Women had 3.0-fold higher median concentrations of leptin (12.5 vs. 4.1 ng/ml) and 1.3-fold higher median concentrations of CRP (0.75 vs. 0.56 mg/liter) than men (P < 0.0001 in both comparisons). In univariate analyses, CRP and leptin were significantly intercorrelated (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001 for women; r = 0.46, P < 0.0001 for men). In multiple regression analysis including age, body mass index, waist circumference, insulin, lipids, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, smoking status, and use of oral contraceptives in women, leptin was the main determinant of CRP in men (P < 0.0001) and the second most important determinant in women (P < 0.0001). A Mendelian randomization test based on genetic variants in the CRP gene (five single nucleotide polymorphisms) provided no support for CRP as a causal agent for leptin.

Conclusions: Leptin, obesity, and oral contraceptive use in women were the main factors related to CRP. The relation between leptin and CRP was independent of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.