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Roles of Hydrogen Peroxide in Thyroid Physiology and Disease

Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM) (Y.S., N.D., M.C., X.D.D., V.D., B.C., C.M., F.M., J.V.S., J.E.D.), School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Morphology (M.-C.M.), School of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: J. E. Dumont, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: jedumont{at}ulb.ac.be.

Context: The long-lived thyroid cell generates, for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, important amounts of H₂O₂ that are toxic in other cell types. This review analyzes the protection mechanisms of the cell and the pathological consequences of disorders of this system.

Evidence Acquisition: The literature on H₂O₂ generation and disposal, thyroid hormone synthesis, and their control in the human thyroid is analyzed.

Evidence Synthesis: In humans, H₂O₂ production by dual-oxidases and consequently thyroid hormone synthesis by thyroperoxidase are controlled by the phospholipase C-Ca²⁺-diacylglycerol arm of TSH receptor action. H₂O₂ in various cell types, and presumably in thyroid cells, is a signal, a mitogen, a mutagen, a carcinogen, and a killer. The various protection mechanisms of the thyroid cell against H₂O₂ are analyzed. They include the separation of the generating enzymes (dual-oxidases), their coupling to thyroperoxidase in a proposed complex, the thyroxisome, and H₂O₂ degradation systems.

Conclusions: It is proposed that various pathologies can be explained, at least in part, by overproduction and lack of degradation of H₂O₂ (tumorigenesis, myxedematous cretinism, and thyroiditis) and by failure of the H₂O₂ generation or its positive control system (congenital hypothyroidism).

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