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A Brief Exposure to Moderate Passive Smoke Increases Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Secretion

Laboratory of Applied Physiology (G.S.M., A.D.F., A.Z.J., A.E.C., Y.K.), Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala GR42100, Greece; School of Health Sciences (D.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility (A.E.G.), School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, and Department of Respiratory Medicine (K.G., T.K.), University Hospital of Larissa, 411 10 Larissa, Greece; and Centre of Toxicology Science and Research (M.N.T., A.M.T.), School of Medicine, University of Crete, TK 71003 Crete, Greece

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Giorgos S. Metsios, Department of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala GR42100, Greece. E-mail: gm{at}wlv.ac.uk.

Context: Active smoking influences normal metabolic status and thyroid function.

Objective: The objective was to assess experimentally the effects of 1 h of moderate passive smoking in a controlled simulated bar/restaurant environment on the metabolism and thyroid hormone levels in healthy nonsmokers.

Participants: Eighteen (nine females, nine males) healthy individuals (mean ± SD: age, 25.3 ± 3.1 yr; height, 174.0 ± 10.1 cm; weight, 65.2 ± 13.7 kg) participated in the study.

Design: In repeated-measures randomized blocks, participants visited the laboratory on 2 consecutive days. In the experimental condition, they were exposed to 1 h of moderate passive smoking at a carbon monoxide concentration of 23 ± 1 ppm in an environmental chamber, whereas in the control condition participants remained in the same chamber for 1 h breathing normal atmospheric air.

Main Outcome Measures: In both conditions, cotinine serum and urine levels, resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as concentration of T₃, free T₄, and TSH were assessed before participants entered the chamber and immediately after their exit. Heart rate and blood pressure were tested in 10-min intervals during all REE assessments.

Results: The mean ± SD difference of serum and urine cotinine levels (–0.27 ± 3.94 vs. 14.01 ± 6.54 and 0.05 ± 2.07 vs. 7.23 ± 3.75, respectively), REE (6.73 ± 98.06 vs. 80.58 ± 120.91) as well as T₃ and free T₄ (0.05 ± 0.11 vs. 0.13 ± 0.12 and 0.02 ± 0.15 vs. 0.22 ± 0.20) were increased in the experimental compared with the control condition at baseline and follow-up (P < 0.05). No statistically significant variation was observed in the mean difference of the remaining parameters (P > 0.05). Serum and urine cotinine values were linearly associated with REE (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: One hour of passive smoking at bar/restaurant levels is accompanied by significant increases in metabolism and thyroid hormone levels.

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