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Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing Fasting Serum Adiponectin in Hispanic Children

U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine (N.F.B., N.R.M., C.A.B.), Houston, Texas 77030; and Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (A.G.C., G.C., S.A.C.), San Antonio, Texas 78245

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Nancy F. Butte, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail: nbutte{at}bcm.tmc.edu.

Context: Because of its antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, adiponectin may play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: The aims of these analyses were: 1) to estimate the heritability of fasting serum adiponectin; 2) to evaluate the effects of age, sex, and body composition on fasting serum adiponectin; 3) to test for associations between fasting serum adiponectin and diet, fitness, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation; and 4) to determine the relationships between fasting serum adiponectin, insulin and lipids, and blood pressure in Hispanic children.

Design: Genetic and environmental factors influencing fasting serum adiponectin were investigated in a cohort of children participating in the VIVA LA FAMILIA Study in 2000–2005.

Setting: This study was performed at the Children’s Nutrition Research Center.

Participants: The study participants were 805 Hispanic nonoverweight and overweight children, ages 4–19 yr.

Main Measure: The main measure of the study was fasting serum adiponectin.

Results: The heritability of serum adiponectin was 0.93 ± 0.10 (P = 2.4 x 10^–40). Adiponectin differed by age (P = 0.001), sex (P = 0.04), and weight (P = 0.001) status. Adiponectin levels declined with age, in association with changes in sex hormones and growth factors. Adiponectin was not associated with macronutrient intake, fitness, 24-h energy expenditure, or fat oxidation. Controlling for age, sex, and percent fat mass, adiponectin was inversely associated with homeostasis model of insulin resistance, triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.001). Significant positive genetic correlations were detected between adiponectin and total cholesterol (_G = 0.19), HDL-C (_G = 0.32), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (_G = 0.24), and IGF-binding protein-1 (_G = 0.39), and negative genetic correlations were detected between adiponectin and leptin (_G = –0.30), TG (_G = –0.21), TG/HDL-C (_G = –0.33), and IGF-binding protein-3 (_G = –0.32), indicating shared genetic components in their expression.

Conclusion: The high heritability of adiponectin and pleiotropy seen between adiponectin and leptin, growth factors, and lipids may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in overweight Hispanic children.

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