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Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists, Chemical Pathology Quality Assurance Programs Pty. Ltd., Flinders Medical Centre (K.S.), Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre (R.I.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute (R.K.), Pymble, New South Wales 2073, Australia; Andrology Australia, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University (D.d.K., C.A.H.), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; and Department of Andrology, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney (D.J.H.), Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. David Handelsman, Department of Andrology, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia. E-mail: djh{at}anzac.edu.au.
Context: Management of male infertility and/or androgen deficiency requires accurate hormonal measurements with valid reference intervals.
Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a valid reference panel of blood samples from healthy eugonadal young men with verified normal reproductive function and to use this panel to evaluate the performance of seven fully automated, commercial multiplex immunoassay platforms used to measure serum total testosterone (T), LH, and FSH.
Design: This was an observational study of consistency among seven different automated immunoassays for each of total T, LH, and FSH. Each method was implemented in two laboratories, with each repeating the analysis of the full reference panel samples twice. Serum T concentrations were also measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and serum inhibin B levels were determined by an ELISA.
Setting: The study was performed at commercial, high-volume, clinical pathology laboratories.
Participants: From 147 men screened, sera from 124 healthy, reproductively normal men (age, 21–35 yr) with normal sperm output were used as a reference panel. All laboratories selected for elite performance in the national immunoassay quality assurance program agreed to participate.
Main Outcome Measure(s): For each of the 868 assays, descriptive statistics were calculated in the natural and log-transformed scales and were analyzed by nested, repeated measures ANOVA after log transformation. Reference intervals, defined as 95% confidence limits, were calculated using arithmetic (natural scale), geometric (log scale) and nonparametric methods.
Results: Descriptive statistics and reference intervals for serum T, LH, and FSH differed widely and significantly between methods, but variation between laboratories for the same assay was negligible. All T methods showed significant differences in regression slope and intercept in deviance plots as well as in estimated reference ranges compared with the independent GC/MS reference method. Although similar between-method differences existed for gonadotropin assays, the smaller quantitative discrepancies allowed assignment of consensus reference intervals for serum FSH (1.3–8.4 IU/liter) and LH (1.6–8.0 IU/liter), although these differed from manufacturers’ currently quoted expected values.
Conclusions: Using a reference panel of sera from healthy eugonadal young men with verified normal reproductive function, major differences exist between commercial T immunoassays as well as divergence from the GC/MS standard. This impairs their clinical diagnostic utility and requires substantial improvements in automated T immunoassay technologies or a switch to GC/MS methods. Gonadotropin assays showed less variability, but current high-throughput immunoassays remain suboptimal to confirm accurate diagnosis of azoospermia or androgen deficiency.
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