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Early Appearance of the Metabolic Syndrome in Socially Reared Bonnet Macaques

Departments of Surgery (D.K., B.C.G., J.G.K.), Psychiatry (E.L.P.S., J.D.C., L.A.R.), and Medicine (M.B.), and Primate Behavior Laboratory, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. John G. Kral, Department of Surgery, Box 40, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203. E-mail: jkral{at}downstate.edu.

Among 250 laboratory-born bonnet macaques living in social groups and maintained on commercial monkey chow, we measured weight, crown-rump length, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), and fasting serum insulin, glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and total cholesterol. Body mass index (BMI = weight/crown-rump length²), and insulin resistance determined by the insulin/glucose ratio (IGR) and homeostasis model assessment, were measured. We defined the metabolic syndrome using a composite score based on morphometry, insulin resistance, and serum lipid levels, analogous to clinical criteria. Elevated BMI was associated with significantly greater SAD, insulin, IGR, homeostasis model assessment, and triglycerides. Among 120 adult monkeys aged 5–17 yr, males (n = 48) had higher BMI, SAD, insulin, and IGR levels than females, independent of age. Sixteen of 113 adult monkeys and five of 36 peripubertal subjects, aged 3–4 yr (14%), met our criteria for the metabolic syndrome, as did four of 12 monkeys, aged 20–28 yr. Markers of the metabolic syndrome are present by 3–4 yr of age in our colony and are observed across the life span in the absence of conventional obesifying interventions. Socially reared and housed bonnet macaques may provide a useful model for studying the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

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				D. Kaufman, M. A. Banerji, I. Shorman, E. L.P. Smith, J. D. Coplan, L. A. Rosenblum, and J. G. Kral Early-Life Stress and the Development of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Juvenile Bonnet Macaques Diabetes, May 1, 2007; 56(5): 1382 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]