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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 89, No. 6 2548-2556
Copyright © 2004 by The Endocrine Society

Obesity: Special Feature

Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

Erin E. Kershaw and Jeffrey S. Flier

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Erin E. Kershaw, M.D., or Jeffrey S. Flier, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215. E-mail: ekershaw{at}bidmc.harvard.edu or jflier{at}bidmc.harvard.edu.

Adipose tissue is a complex, essential, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. Besides adipocytes, adipose tissue contains connective tissue matrix, nerve tissue, stromovascular cells, and immune cells. Together these components function as an integrated unit. Adipose tissue not only responds to afferent signals from traditional hormone systems and the central nervous system but also expresses and secretes factors with important endocrine functions. These factors include leptin, other cytokines, adiponectin, complement components, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, proteins of the renin-angiotensin system, and resistin. Adipose tissue is also a major site for metabolism of sex steroids and glucocorticoids. The important endocrine function of adipose tissue is emphasized by the adverse metabolic consequences of both adipose tissue excess and deficiency. A better understanding of the endocrine function of adipose tissue will likely lead to more rational therapy for these increasingly prevalent disorders. This review presents an overview of the endocrine functions of adipose tissue.

Abbreviations: ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme; AdipoR, adiponectin receptor; AGT, angiotensinogen; ASP, acylating simulation protein; AT1, angiotensin II receptor type I; CNS, central nervous system; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; HSD, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 11ßHSD1, 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1; IL-6R, IL-6 receptor; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; RAS, renin angiotensin system; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TZD, thiazoladinedione.




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