Relationship between Ghrelin and Energy Expenditure in Healthy Young Women
David H. St-Pierre,
Antony D. Karelis,
Katherine Cianflone,
Florence Conus,
Diane Mignault,
Remi Rabasa-Lhoret,
Maxime St-Onge,
Andréanne Tremblay-Lebeau and
Eric T. Poehlman
Unité Métabolique (D.H.S.-P., A.D.K., F.C., D.M., R.R.-L., M.S.-O., A.T.-L., E.T.P.), Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7; and Mike Rosenbloom Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research (K.C.), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Eric T. Poehlman, Ph.D., Unité Métabolique, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, 2405 Côte Ste Catherine, Montréal, Canada H3C 3J7. E-mail: eric.poehlman{at}umontreal.ca.
Ghrelin is a novel peptide that has been isolated from humanand rat stomach tissues. Despite its known stimulatory effectson appetite and eating behavior, little information is availableregarding its relationship with energy expenditure in normal-weighthumans. To address this issue, we examined the relationshipbetween serum ghrelin and resting metabolic rate (RMR), thethermic effect of food (TEF), fasting and postprandial respiratoryquotient, physical activity level, peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak), energy intake, and psychological measures of feedingbehavior. We recruited 65 young healthy women and determinedRMR and TEF by indirect calorimetry after a 12-h fast. Physicalactivity was determined by a leisure time physical activityquestionnaire; VO2 peak was determined by bicycle ergometertest to exhaustion; energy intake was determined by a 24-h dietaryrecall; and food behavior was determined by a three-factor eatingquestionnaire. Our cohort showed a broad range of body massindex (range, 16.8–28.3 kg/m2), RMR (range, 820-1550 kcal/d),TEF (range, 74.4–136.5 kcal/d), and percent body fat (range,14.0–37.7%). We noted significant inverse correlationsbetween ghrelin and RMR (r = –0.350, P = 0.004) and TEF(r = –0.396, P = 0.001). These inverse correlations persistedafter statistical control for both fat-free mass and fat mass(ghrelin vs. RMR partial, r = –0.284, P = 0.024; and ghrelinvs. TEF partial, r = –0.329, P = 0.01) and insulin levels(ghrelin vs. RMR partial, r = –0.255, P = 0.046; and ghrelinvs. TEF partial, r = –0.287, P = 0.024) using partialcorrelation analysis. We also observed a significant inversecorrelation between ghrelin and daily caloric intake (r = –0.266,P = 0.032), but ghrelin levels were not significantly correlatedwith fasting (r = –0.002), postprandial respiratory quotient(r = –0.016), leisure time physical activity (r = 0.104),VO2 peak (r = 0.138), dietary disinhibition (r = –0.071),dietary restraint (r = 0.051), or feeling of general hunger(r = –0.028). These results suggest that higher levelsof ghrelin are associated with low levels of resting and postprandialthermogenesis, which is independent of individual differencesin fat-free mass and fat mass. Although speculative, serum ghrelinmay play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by actingas a hormonal marker of increased energy efficiency.
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