This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Jabara, S. Articles by Strauss, J. F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Jabara, S. Articles by Strauss, J. F., III Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB CHOLESTEROL

Stromal Cells of the Human Postmenopausal Ovary Display a Distinctive Biochemical and Molecular Phenotype

Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health (S.J., L.K.C., C.Y.W., J.F.S.), University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology (J.M.M.), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Division of Hepatic Disease (N.B.J.), New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016; and Division of Endocrinology (A.D.), Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Jerome F. Strauss, III, M.D., Ph.D., Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, 1354 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. E-mail: jfs3{at}mail.med.upenn.edu.

The stroma of the human postmenopausal ovary is postulated to produce androgens, but evidence for and against this idea exits in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether key steroidogenic enzymes involved in androgen synthesis are expressed in the postmenopausal ovarian stroma. Stromal cells were isolated from postmenopausal ovaries and expression for genes involved in steroidogenesis [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), P450scc, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD) P450c17, and P450c27] as well as for several growth factor binding proteins [gremlin, IGF binding protein-4, follistatin, and secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1 and -4], were compared with cultured human theca cells and dermal fibroblasts. Production of steroids (pregnenolone, progesterone, and hydroxysterol metabolites) and the metabolism of [³H] pregnenolone by ovarian stromal cells were also assessed. Isolated ovarian stromal cells from different subjects had a uniform morphology within and across cultures. Quantitative real time RT-PCR revealed that StAR, P450scc, and 3ß-HSD transcripts were, respectively 30, 25, and 45 times more abundant in theca cells than in stromal cells. Mean levels of P450scc and 3ß-HSD transcripts in stromal cells were similar to those found in dermal fibroblasts, whereas StAR transcripts in stromal cells were 285-fold more abundant than in fibroblasts. There was no significant expression of P450c17 in ovarian stromal cells or fibroblasts (2000-fold less than in theca cells). Western analysis demonstrated the presence of the 30-kDa StAR mature protein in the cultured stromal cells, whereas P450c17 protein was not detectable. Ovarian stromal cells did not metabolize [³H] pregnenolone in the presence or absence of 8-Br-cAMP. Furthermore, pregnenolone and progesterone secretion by stromal cells was also undetectable, even in the presence of 22-hydroxycholesterol. P450c27 protein was detected in ovarian stromal cells and its metabolic products (i.e. 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholestenoic acid) were found in the culture media, reflecting functional cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Follistatin, gremlin, IGF binding protein-4, and sFRP-1 and -4 transcripts were detected in the stromal cells in relative amounts significantly higher than theca cells, but not significantly different from fibroblasts, except for sFRP-1, which was significantly higher in stromal cells. Our observations demonstrate that stromal cells of the postmenopausal ovary have a signature biochemical and molecular phenotype that can be distinguished from fibroblasts. These cells do not appear to have significant steroidogenic potential in vitro, but they do metabolize cholesterol into hydroxysterols. We conclude that the predominant stromal cells of the postmenopausal ovary are not a significant site of androgen biosynthesis.

This work was supported by HD-34449, the National Cooperative Program in Infertility Research.

S.J. and L.K.C. contributed equally to this work.

Abbreviations: A/M, Acetonitrile/methanol; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 3ß-HSD, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; IGFBP, IGF binding protein; RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute; SFM, serum-free media; SFRP, secreted frizzled-related protein; Star, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Z. Rivera, P. J. Christian, S. L. Marion, H. L. Brooks, and P. B. Hoyer Steroidogenic Capacity of Residual Ovarian Tissue in 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide-Treated Mice Biol Reprod, February 1, 2009; 80(2): 328 - 336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Viger, S. M. Guittot, M. Anttonen, D. B. Wilson, and M. Heikinheimo Role of the GATA Family of Transcription Factors in Endocrine Development, Function, and Disease Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2008; 22(4): 781 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. H. Fogle, F. Z. Stanczyk, X. Zhang, and R. J. Paulson Ovarian Androgen Production in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3040 - 3043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Lindeberg, K. Carlstrom, O. Ritvos, and O. Hovatta Gonadotrophin stimulation of non-luteinized granulosa cells increases steroid production and the expression of enzymes involved in estrogen and progesterone synthesis Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2007; 22(2): 401 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bielinska, S. Kiiveri, H. Parviainen, S. Mannisto, M. Heikinheimo, and D. B. Wilson Gonadectomy-induced Adrenocortical Neoplasia in the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and Laboratory Mouse. Vet. Pathol., February 1, 2006; 43(2): 97 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Havelock, W. E. Rainey, K. D. Bradshaw, and B. R. Carr The post-menopausal ovary displays a unique pattern of steroidogenic enzyme expression Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2006; 21(1): 309 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bielinska, E. Genova, I. Boime, H. Parviainen, S. Kiiveri, J. Leppaluoto, N. Rahman, M. Heikinheimo, and D. B. Wilson Gonadotropin-Induced Adrenocortical Neoplasia in NU/J Nude Mice Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3975 - 3984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bachelot, G. Meduri, N. Massin, M. Misrahi, F. Kuttenn, and P. Touraine Ovarian Steroidogenesis and Serum Androgen Levels in Patients with Premature Ovarian Failure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2005; 90(4): 2391 - 2396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. L. Nelson-DeGrave, J. K. Wickenheisser, J. E. Cockrell, J. R. Wood, R. S. Legro, J. F. Strauss III, and J. M. McAllister Valproate Potentiates Androgen Biosynthesis in Human Ovarian Theca Cells Endocrinology, February 1, 2004; 145(2): 799 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]