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Mutational Analysis of Smad3, a Candidate Tumor Suppressor Implicated in TGF-ß and Menin Pathways, in Parathyroid Adenomas and Enteropancreatic Endocrine Tumors

Center for Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (T.M.S., J.C., M.B., A.A.), Farmington, Connecticut 06030; Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (R.T.J.), Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (D.C.C.), Boston, Massachusetts 02114

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Andrew Arnold, M.D., Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3101. E-mail: . aarnold{at}nso2.uchc.edu

Abstract

Based upon molecular allelotyping and comparative genomic hybridization studies, chromosome 15q is the likely location of a tumor suppressor gene important in the pathogeneses of sporadic enteropancreatic endocrine tumors and parathyroid adenomas. Interest has focused on Smad3 as a candidate endocrine tumor suppressor gene because 1) it is localized to 15q and 2) it encodes a TGFß signaling molecule that has been identified as a binding partner of the multiple endocrine neoplasm type 1 gene product menin, itself involved in enteropancreatic and parathyroid neoplasia. To determine whether Smad3 plays a primary role in development of these tumors, 20 enteropancreatic tumors and 67 parathyroid adenomas were investigated for loss of heterozygosity at DNA markers surrounding Smad3. Twenty percent of enteropancreatic tumors and 24% of parathyroid adenomas showed loss. All 9 coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of the Smad3 gene were then sequenced in genomic DNA from all 20 enteropancreatic and 25 parathyroid tumors, including every case with loss of heterozygosity. No acquired clonal mutations, insertions, or microdeletions in Smad3 were detected in any tumors. Because inactivating somatic mutation is the hallmark of an authentic tumor suppressor, Smad3 is unlikely to function as a classical tumor suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of sporadic parathyroid or enteropancreatic endocrine tumors.

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