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Expression, Localization, and Signaling of PGE₂ and EP2/EP4 Receptors in Human Nonpregnant Endometrium across the Menstrual Cycle

Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH3 9ET

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. H. N. Jabbour, Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, 37 Chalmers Street, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH3 9ET. E-mail: h.jabbour{at}hrsu.mrc.ac.uk

Abstract

This study was designed to elucidate the sites of synthesis and action of PGE₂ in the nonpregnant human uterus across the menstrual cycle. The sites of expression of PGE synthase and synthesis of PGE₂ were investigated by immunohistochemistry using full thickness uterine biopsies. Expression of PGE synthase and synthesis of PGE₂ were localized to glandular epithelial and endothelial cells in both basalis and functionalis regions of the human endometrium. By contrast, stromal staining was predominantly localized in the functionalis layer. Some cyclical variation in expression of PGE synthase and PGE₂ synthesis was observed, with reduced expression/synthesis detected in the stromal compartment of the functionalis during the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Subsequently, we assessed the site of action of PGE₂ by investigating the expression of two PGE₂ receptor isoforms, namely EP2 and EP4. Cyclical variation in endometrial EP2 and EP4 receptor mRNA expression was quantified by TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR using RNA isolated from endometrial tissue collected across the menstrual cycle. No differences in EP2 receptor mRNA expression were detected; however, EP4 receptor mRNA expression was significantly higher in late proliferative stage (P < 0.05) than in early, mid, and late secretory stage endometrium. Expression patterns of EP2 and EP4 receptors were localized by nonradioactive in situ hybridization using fluorescein isothiocyanate end- labeled oligonucleotide probes. Expression of both receptors was observed in endometrial glandular epithelial and vascular cells, with no notable spatial or temporal variation. Finally, signaling of EP2/EP4 receptors was assessed by investigating cAMP generation in vitro after stimulation with PGE₂. Endometrial cAMP generation in response to PGE₂ was significantly greater in proliferative tissue compared with early and midsecretory stage tissue (3.77 ± 0.85 vs. 1.96 ± 0.28 and 1.38 ± 0.23, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates glandular and vascular coexpression of PGE synthase, PGE₂, EP2, and EP4 receptors and suggests an autocrine/paracrine role for PGE₂ in epithelial/endothelial cell function in the human endometrium.

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