This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Johnson, M. S. Articles by Goran, M. I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Johnson, M. S. Articles by Goran, M. I.

Longitudinal Changes in Body Fat in African American and Caucasian Children: Influence of Fasting Insulin and Insulin Sensitivity¹

Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California (M.S.J., T.T.-K.H., J.H.D., M.I.G.), Los Angeles, CA 90033; and Mead Johnson Nutritionals (R.F.-C.), Evansville, Indiana 47721

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Michael I. Goran, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, Room 208, Los Angeles, California 90033. E-mail: goran{at}hsc.usc.edu

Abstract

Obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin sensitivity, both risk factors for type 2 diabetes. However, it is not clear whether these risk factors occur as a result of obesity or whether they contribute to the development of obesity. The aims of this study were to determine whether baseline (first visit) or changes in insulin measures over time were associated with longitudinal changes in body fat mass during growth in children. The study group consisted of 137 children (83 Caucasian and 54 African American) with a mean age of 8.1 yr at baseline. The children returned for 3–6 annual visits for measurement of fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity (Si), and acute insulin response (AIR) from the tolbutamide-modified frequent sampling iv glucose tolerance test and for determination of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc mixed growth models. Total fat mass increased with time by 15.6%/yr (P = 0.013), but the rate of increase was not significantly influenced by race, sex, or Tanner stage. However, fasting insulin (positive effect), Si (negative effect), and AIR (positive effect) were significantly associated with the rate of increase in fat mass. In conclusion, in this cohort of children, growth-related increases in body fat were significantly associated with increases in fasting insulin and AIR and decreases in Si.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. Casazza, M. I. Goran, and B. A. Gower Associations among Insulin, Estrogen, and Fat Mass Gain over the Pubertal Transition in African-American and European-American Girls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2008; 93(7): 2610 - 2615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G. Ray MD MSc, A. P. Mohllajee MPH, R. M. van Dam PhD, and K. B. Michels ScD PhD Breast size and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus Can. Med. Assoc. J., January 29, 2008; 178(3): 289 - 295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. F. Fleisch, N. Agarwal, M. D. Roberts, J. C. Han, K. R. Theim, A. Vexler, J. Troendle, S. Z. Yanovski, and J. A. Yanovski Influence of Serum Leptin on Weight and Body Fat Growth in Children at High Risk for Adult Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 948 - 954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T. Rhodes, J. I. Wolfsdorf, D. D. Cuthbertson, H. A. Feldman, D. S. Ludwig, and the DPT-1 Study Group Effect of Low-Dose Insulin Treatment on Body Weight and Physical Development in Children and Adolescents at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, August 1, 2005; 28(8): 1948 - 1953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Meyre, P. Boutin, A. Tounian, M. Deweirder, M. Aout, B. Jouret, B. Heude, J. Weill, M. Tauber, P. Tounian, et al. Is Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) a Genetic Link between Low Birth Weight and Subsequent Development of Obesity in Children? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2005; 90(4): 2384 - 2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Meyre, C. Lecoeur, J. Delplanque, S. Francke, V. Vatin, E. Durand, J. Weill, C. Dina, and P. Froguel A Genome-Wide Scan for Childhood Obesity-Associated Traits in French Families Shows Significant Linkage on Chromosome 6q22.31-q23.2 Diabetes, March 1, 2004; 53(3): 803 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Dickinson and J. C. Brand-Miller Response to John M. Poothullil J. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 133(2): 534 - 534. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Maffeis, P. Moghetti, A. Grezzani, M. Clementi, R. Gaudino, and L. Tato Insulin Resistance and the Persistence of Obesity from Childhood into Adulthood J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 71 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]