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Endocrine Unit (A.M.W., L.J.S., M.A.C., K.G.M., W.S.D., M.A.G., S.R.B.) and Department of Dietetics (A.E.B., G.F.S.), Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
Abstract
Ghrelin is a recently identified endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It is synthesized predominantly in the stomach and found in the circulation of healthy humans. Ghrelin has been shown to promote increased food intake, weight gain and adiposity in rodents. The effect of ghrelin on appetite and food intake in man has not been determined. We investigated the effects of intravenous ghrelin (5.0 pmol/kg/min) or saline infusion on appetite and food intake in a randomised double-blind cross-over study in nine healthy volunteers. There was a clear-cut increase in energy consumed by every individual from a free-choice buffet (mean increase 28 ± 3.9%, p<0.001) during ghrelin compared with saline infusion. Visual analogue scores for appetite were greater during ghrelin compared to saline infusion. Ghrelin had no effect on gastric emptying as assessed by the paracetamol absorption test. Ghrelin is the first circulating hormone demonstrated to stimulate food intake in man. Endogenous ghrelin is a potentially important new regulator of the complex systems controlling food intake and body weight.
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 J. M. Garcia and W. J. Polvino Effect on Body Weight and Safety of RC-1291, a Novel, Orally Available Ghrelin Mimetic and Growth Hormone Secretagogue: Results of a Phase I, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study in Healthy Volunteers Oncologist, May 1, 2007; 12(5): 594 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Mottershead, E. Karteris, J. Y Barclay, S. Suortamo, M. Newbold, H. Randeva, and C. U Nwokolo Immunohistochemical and quantitative mRNA assessment of ghrelin expression in gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2007; 60(4): 405 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Clegg, L. M. Brown, J. M. Zigman, C. J. Kemp, A. D. Strader, S. C. Benoit, S. C. Woods, M. Mangiaracina, and N. Geary Estradiol-Dependent Decrease in the Orexigenic Potency of Ghrelin in Female Rats Diabetes, April 1, 2007; 56(4): 1051 - 1058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Roche, A. J. Sheahan, L. M. Chagas, and D. P. Berry Concentrate Supplementation Reduces Postprandial Plasma Ghrelin in Grazing Dairy Cows: A Possible Neuroendocrine Basis for Reduced Pasture Intake in Supplemented Cows J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2007; 90(3): 1354 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Sun, J. M. Garcia, and R. G. Smith Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Expression in Mice during Aging Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1323 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Maffeis, R. Franceschi, P. Moghetti, M. Camilot, S. Lauriola, and L. Tato Circulating ghrelin levels in girls with central precocious puberty are reduced during treatment with LHRH analog Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 156(1): 99 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Fry, T. D. Hoyda, and A. V. Ferguson Making Sense of It: Roles of the Sensory Circumventricular Organs in Feeding and Regulation of Energy Homeostasis Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2007; 232(1): 14 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. T. Vestergaard, R. Dall, K. H. W. Lange, M. Kjaer, J. S. Christiansen, and J. O. L. Jorgensen The Ghrelin Response to Exercise before and after Growth Hormone Administration J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2007; 92(1): 297 - 303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Szentirmai, L. Kapas, and J. M. Krueger Ghrelin microinjection into forebrain sites induces wakefulness and feeding in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R575 - R585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. G. Murphy, W. S. Dhillo, and S. R. Bloom Gut Peptides in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2006; 27(7): 719 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. E. Wertz-Lutz, T. J. Knight, R. H. Pritchard, J. A. Daniel, J. A. Clapper, A. J. Smart, A. Trenkle, and D. C. Beitz Circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior in cattle J Anim Sci, December 1, 2006; 84(12): 3285 - 3300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Naslund and J. G. Kral Impact of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Gut Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S92 - S97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Goto, H. Arima, M. Watanabe, M. Hayashi, R. Banno, I. Sato, H. Nagasaki, and Y. Oiso Ghrelin Increases Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-Related Peptide Gene Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus in Rat Hypothalamic Organotypic Cultures Endocrinology, November 1, 2006; 147(11): 5102 - 5109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Arnold, A. Mura, W. Langhans, and N. Geary Gut Vagal Afferents Are Not Necessary for the Eating-Stimulatory Effect of Intraperitoneally Injected Ghrelin in the Rat J. Neurosci., October 25, 2006; 26(43): 11052 - 11060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ito, H. ThidarMyint, T. Murata, H. Inoue, R. M. Neyra, and H. Kuwayama Effects of peripheral administration of PYY3-36 on feed intake and plasma acyl-ghrelin levels in pigs. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2006; 191(1): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Carlson and D. E. Cummings Prospects for an anti-ghrelin vaccine to treat obesity. Mol. Interv., October 1, 2006; 6(5): 249 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Marzullo, A. Caumo, G. Savia, B. Verti, G. E. Walker, S. Maestrini, A. Tagliaferri, A. M. Di Blasio, and A. Liuzzi Predictors of Postabsorptive Ghrelin Secretion after Intake of Different Macronutrients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 4124 - 4130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Kobelt, M. Goebel, A. Stengel, M. Schmidtmann, I. R. van der Voort, J. J. Tebbe, R. W. Veh, B. F. Klapp, B. Wiedenmann, L. Wang, et al. Bombesin, but not amylin, blocks the orexigenic effect of peripheral ghrelin Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R903 - R913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Roche, A. J Sheahan, L. M. Chagas, and D. P. Berry Short communication: genetic selection for milk production increases plasma ghrelin in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2006; 89(9): 3471 - 3475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H D. Falls, B. D Dayton, D. G Fry, C. A Ogiela, V. G Schaefer, S. Brodjian, R. M Reilly, C. A Collins, and W. Kaszubska Characterization of ghrelin receptor activity in a rat pituitary cell line RC-4B/C. J. Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 37(1): 51 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S Bertoli, P Magni, V Krogh, M Ruscica, E Dozio, G Testolin, and A Battezzati Is ghrelin a signal of decreased fat-free mass in elderly subjects? Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 155(2): 321 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 O. Chaudhri, C. Small, and S. Bloom Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1187 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.-Y. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, D.-S. Jo, P. H. Hwang, K. P. Kang, S. Lee, W. Kim, and S. K. Park Preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism predicts a lower rate of developing renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 155(1): 187 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Damjanovic, N. M. Lalic, P. M. Pesko, M. S. Petakov, A. Jotic, D. Miljic, K. S. Lalic, L. Lukic, M. Djurovic, and V. B. Djukic Acute Effects of Ghrelin on Insulin Secretion and Glucose Disposal Rate in Gastrectomized Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2574 - 2581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Gordon and K. H. McKeever Oral and intravenous carbohydrate challenges decrease active ghrelin concentrations and alter hormones related to control of energy metabolism in horses J Anim Sci, July 1, 2006; 84(7): 1682 - 1690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P Kobelt, S Helmling, A Stengel, B Wlotzka, V Andresen, B F Klapp, B Wiedenmann, S Klussmann, and H Monnikes Anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer NOX-B11 inhibits neurostimulatory and orexigenic effects of peripheral ghrelin in rats Gut, June 1, 2006; 55(6): 788 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Dong, T. L. Peeters, B. De Smet, D. Moechars, C. Delporte, P. Vanden Berghe, B. Coulie, M. Tang, and I. Depoortere Role of Endogenous Ghrelin in the Hyperphagia of Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2634 - 2642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. O. Mundinger, D. E. Cummings, and G. J. Taborsky Jr Direct Stimulation of Ghrelin Secretion by Sympathetic Nerves Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2893 - 2901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Gruendel, A. L. Garcia, B. Otto, C. Mueller, J. Steiniger, M. O. Weickert, M. Speth, N. Katz, and C. Koebnick Carob Pulp Preparation Rich in Insoluble Dietary Fiber and Polyphenols Enhances Lipid Oxidation and Lowers Postprandial Acylated Ghrelin in Humans J. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 136(6): 1533 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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