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Intramuscular Glycogen and Intramyocellular Lipid Utilization during Prolonged Exercise and Recovery in Man: A ¹³C and ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study¹

Departments of Internal Medicine (M.K., K.F.P., R.B., D.L., G.I.S.) and Diagnostic Radiology (T.P., D.L.R.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (G.I.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536; and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.R.), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Gerald I. Shulman, M.D., Ph.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, P.O. Box 9812, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-8012. E-mail: gerald.shulman{at}yale.edu

Depletion of muscle glycogen is considered a limiting performance factor during prolonged exercise, whereas the role of the intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) pool is not yet fully understood. We examined 1) intramyocellular glycogen and lipid utilization during prolonged exercise, 2) resynthesis of muscle glycogen and lipids during recovery, and 3) changes in glycogen content between nonexercising and exercising muscles during recovery. Subjects ran on a treadmill at submaximal intensity until exhaustion. Glycogen concentrations were assessed in thigh, calf, and nonexercising forearm muscle, and IMCL content was measured in soleus muscle using magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. At the time of exhaustion, glycogen depletion was 2-fold greater in calf than in thigh muscles, but a significant amount of glycogen was left in both leg muscles. The glycogen concentration in nonexercising forearm muscle decreased during the initial 5 h of recovery to 73% of the baseline value. During the exercise, the IMCL content decreased to 67% and subsequently during recovery increased to 83% of the baseline value. In summary, we found during prolonged running 1) significantly greater muscle glycogen utilization in the calf muscle group than in the thigh muscle group, 2) significant utilization of IMCL in the soleus muscle, and 3) a decrease in glycogen content in nonexercising muscle and an increase in glycogen content in recovering muscles during the postexercise phase. These latter data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is transfer of glycogen by the glucoselactate and the glucosealanine cycle from the resting muscle (forearm) to recovering muscles (thigh and calf) after running exercise .

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