This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by HÄmäläinen, A.-M. Articles by Knip The Finnish TRIGR Study Group, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by HÄmäläinen, A.-M. Articles by Knip The Finnish TRIGR Study Group, M.

Postnatal Elimination of Transplacentally Acquired Disease-Associated Antibodies in Infants Born to Families with Type 1 Diabetes¹

Department of Pediatrics (A.-M.H., M.S.R., M.K.), University of Oulu, FIN-90400 Oulu; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (H.K.Å., M.K.), University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki; and Medical School, University of Tampere (M.K.), and Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Mikael Knip, M.D., Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 281, FIN-00290. HUCH, Finland. E-mail: mikael.knip{at}hus.fi

The elimination of maternally acquired, diabetes-associated antibodies from the peripheral circulation of infants was studied in a population of 47 mothers and their newborn infants from families in which at least 1 first degree relative had type 1 diabetes. Blood samples were taken from the placental cord; from the infant at follow-up visits at the ages of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months; and from the mother at the time of delivery. The samples were analyzed for cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin antibodies (IA), autoantibodies to the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), and autoantibodies to the protein tyrosine phosphatase-related IA-2 antigen (IA-2A). The mean elimination times for ICA, IA, GADA, and IA-2A were 3.1, 3.1, 4.5, and 4.3 months (P = NS), respectively. The initial levels of IA, GADA, and IA-2A in the cord blood correlated closely with the elimination time (r_s = 0:84–0.91; P < 0.001). The mean proportions of ICA, IA, GADA, and IA-2A still detectable were 18%, 21%, 30%, and 20%, respectively, at 3 months; 2.2%, 14%, 10%, and 6% at 6 months; and 0.3%, 15%, 2.3%, and 5.1% at 9 months. One infant still tested positive for GADA at the age of 12 months, whereas all of the other antibodies had been eliminated by that age. When observing the natural history of ß-cell autoimmunity or when screening for secondary prevention in young children, cross-sectional autoantibody analyses do not provide sufficient information. Repeated testing is to be recommended in young children. In infancy, increasing antibody levels most likely reflect de novo synthesis of diabetes-associated autoantibodies.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L. Uusitalo, M. G Kenward, S. M Virtanen, U. Uusitalo, J. Nevalainen, S. Niinisto, C. Kronberg-Kippila, M.-L. Ovaskainen, L. Marjamaki, O. Simell, et al. Intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements during pregnancy and risk of advanced {beta} cell autoimmunity in the child Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2008; 88(2): 458 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. de Leiva, D. Mauricio, and R. Corcoy Diabetes-Related Autoantibodies and Gestational Diabetes Diabetes Care, July 1, 2007; 30(Supplement_2): S127 - S133. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Achenbach, E. Bonifacio, K. Koczwara, and A.-G. Ziegler Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes, December 1, 2005; 54(suppl_2): S25 - S31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Melanitou, D. Devendra, E. Liu, D. Miao, and G. S. Eisenbarth Early and Quantal (by Litter) Expression of Insulin Autoantibodies in the Nonobese Diabetic Mice Predict Early Diabetes Onset J. Immunol., December 1, 2004; 173(11): 6603 - 6610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bonifacio, M. Hummel, M. Walter, S. Schmid, and A.-G. Ziegler IDDM1 and Multiple Family History of Type 1 Diabetes Combine to Identify Neonates at High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, November 1, 2004; 27(11): 2695 - 2700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Lindsay, A.-G. Ziegler, B. A. Hamilton, A. A. Calder, F. D. Johnstone, and J. D. Walker Type 1 Diabetes-Related Antibodies in the Fetal Circulation: Prevalence and Influence on Cord Insulin and Birth Weight in Offspring of Mothers with Type 1 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3436 - 3439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. M. Stanley, J. M. Norris, K. Barriga, M. Hoffman, L. Yu, D. Miao, H. A. Erlich, G. S. Eisenbarth, and M. Rewers Is Presence of Islet Autoantibodies at Birth Associated With Development of Persistent Islet Autoimmunity?: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) Diabetes Care, February 1, 2004; 27(2): 497 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Koczwara, E. Bonifacio, and A.-G. Ziegler Transmission of Maternal Islet Antibodies and Risk of Autoimmune Diabetes in Offspring of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes, January 1, 2004; 53(1): 1 - 4. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Atkinson and E. A. M. Gale Infant Diets and Type 1 Diabetes: Too Early, Too Late, or Just Too Complicated? JAMA, October 1, 2003; 290(13): 1771 - 1772. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Lindsay, J. D. Walker, P. J. Havel, B. A. Hamilton, A. A. Calder, and F. D. Johnstone Adiponectin Is Present in Cord Blood but Is Unrelated to Birth Weight Diabetes Care, August 1, 2003; 26(8): 2244 - 2249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Kimpimaki, P. Kulmala, K. Savola, A. Kupila, S. Korhonen, T. Simell, J. Ilonen, O. Simell, and M. Knip Natural History of {beta}-Cell Autoimmunity in Young Children with Increased Genetic Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes Recruited from the General Population J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4572 - 4579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Knip Can We Predict Type 1 Diabetes in the General Population? Diabetes Care, March 1, 2002; 25(3): 623 - 625. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. E. Naserke, E. Bonifacio, and A.-G. Ziegler Prevalence, Characteristics and Diabetes Risk Associated with Transient Maternally Acquired Islet Antibodies and Persistent Islet Antibodies in Offspring of Parents with Type 1 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4826 - 4833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]