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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 83, No. 8 2730-2734
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

Original Studies

Mortality and Cancer Incidence in Acromegaly: A Retrospective Cohort Study1

Stephen M. Orme, Richard J. Q. McNally, Ray A. Cartwright, Paul E. Belchetz and for the United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group2

Department of Endocrinology (S.M.O., P.E.B.), The General Infirmary at Leeds, The Leukemia Research Fund (R.J.Q.M., R.A.C.), Center for Clinical Epidemiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. S. M. Orme, Department of Endocrinology, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Great George Street, Leeds, United Kingdom LS1 3EX.

Patients with acromegaly have a reduced life expectancy, with the accepted causes for premature death being vascular and respiratory disease. Increased mortality from malignant disease has also been reported. We, therefore, performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of 1362 patients with acromegaly and investigated the relationships of mortality and cancer incidence with GH levels, duration of disease, and age at diagnosis.

The overall cancer incidence rate [standardized incidence ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60–0.95] was lower than that in the general population of the United Kingdom, and there was no significant increase in site-specific cancer incidence rates. The overall cancer mortality rate was not increased, but the colon cancer mortality rate (standardized mortality ratio, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.31–4.22) was higher than expected. Mortality rates due to colon cancer, all malignant disease, cardiovascular disease and overall mortality were increased with higher posttreatment GH levels (P for trends, <0.02, <0.05, <0.02, and <0.0001). The overall mortality rate in patients with acromegaly with posttreatment GH levels less than 2.5 ng/mL (5 mU/L) was comparable to that in the general population of the United Kingdom (standardized mortality ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.89–1.35).

We conclude that high posttreatment GH levels are associated with an increased overall mortality rate and increased mortality rates due to colon cancer, cardiovascular disease, and all malignant disease. Posttreatment GH levels less than 2.5 ng/mL (5 mU/L) result in an overall mortality rate similar to that in the general population.




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Ghrelin Increases Energy Intake in Cancer Patients with Impaired Appetite: Acute, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2832 - 2836.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. F. Muller, J. J. Kopchick, A. Flyvbjerg, and A. J. van der Lely
Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonists
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1503 - 1511.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Ayuk, R. N. Clayton, G. Holder, M. C. Sheppard, P. M. Stewart, and A. S. Bates
Growth Hormone and Pituitary Radiotherapy, But Not Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentrations, Predict Excess Mortality in Patients with Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1613 - 1617.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
A. Colao, D. Ferone, P. Marzullo, and G. Lombardi
Systemic Complications of Acromegaly: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2004; 25(1): 102 - 152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
O. Serri, C. Beauregard, and J. Hardy
Long-Term Biochemical Status and Disease-Related Morbidity in 53 Postoperative Patients with Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 658 - 661.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
I. M. Holdaway, R. C. Rajasoorya, and G. D. Gamble
Factors Influencing Mortality in Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 667 - 674.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Int J EpidemiolHome page
E. Giovannucci, E. B Rimm, Y. Liu, and W. C Willett
Height, predictors of C-peptide and cancer risk in men
Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2004; 33(1): 217 - 225.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mayo Clin Proc.Home page
D. E. Meyers and R. C. Cuneo
Controversies Regarding the Effects of Growth Hormone on the Heart
Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1521 - 1526.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. R. Clemmons, K. Chihara, P. U. Freda, K. K. Y. Ho, A. Klibanski, S. Melmed, S. M. Shalet, C. J. Strasburger, P. J. Trainer, and M. O. Thorner
Optimizing Control of Acromegaly: Integrating a Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist into the Treatment Algorithm
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2003; 88(10): 4759 - 4767.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 GutHome page
I Perry, P M Stewart, K Kane, P J Jenkins, and P D Fairclough
Colorectal screening guidelines in acromegaly
Gut, September 1, 2003; 52(9): 1387 - 1387.
[Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. De, D. A. Rees, N. Davies, R. John, J. Neal, R. G. Mills, J. Vafidis, J. S. Davies, and M. F. Scanlon
Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly in Wales: Results Based on Stringent Criteria of Remission
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3567 - 3572.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Colao, L. Spinelli, P. Marzullo, R. Pivonello, M. Petretta, C. Di Somma, G. Vitale, D. Bonaduce, and G. Lombardi
High Prevalence of Cardiac Valve Disease in Acromegaly: An Observational, Analytical, Case-Control Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 3196 - 3201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
R. N. Clayton
Cardiovascular Function in Acromegaly
Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 272 - 277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. C. Smith, H. Lane, N. Davies, L. M. Evans, J. Cockcroft, M. F. Scanlon, and J. S. Davies
The Effects of Depot Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog on Central Aortic Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2556 - 2561.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
D. Komninou, A. Ayonote, J. P. Richie Jr., and B. Rigas
Insulin Resistance and Its Contribution to Colon Carcinogenesis
Experimental Biology and Medicine, April 1, 2003; 228(4): 396 - 405.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Ben-Shlomo and S. Melmed
The Role of Pharmacotherapy in Perioperative Management of Patients with Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 963 - 968.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 ScienceHome page
V. D. Longo and C. E. Finch
Evolutionary Medicine: From Dwarf Model Systems to Healthy Centenarians?
Science, February 28, 2003; 299(5611): 1342 - 1346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AAP Grand RoundsHome page
S. R. Rose
Studies Reveal Minimal Cancer Risks with Growth Hormone Therapy
AAP Grand Rounds, November 1, 2002; 8(5): 49 - 50.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. M. Erfurth, B. Bulow, G. Svahn-Tapper, B. Norrving, K. Odh, Z. Mikoczy, J. Bjork, and L. Hagmar
Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Deaths in Patients Operated and Irradiated for Pituitary Tumors
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 4892 - 4899.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. J. Kopchick, C. Parkinson, E. C. Stevens, and P. J. Trainer
Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonists: Discovery, Development, and Use in Patients with Acromegaly
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2002; 23(5): 623 - 646.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. S. Bevan, S. L. Atkin, A. B. Atkinson, P.-M. Bouloux, F. Hanna, P. E. Harris, R. A. James, M. McConnell, G. A. Roberts, M. F. Scanlon, et al.
Primary Medical Therapy for Acromegaly: An Open, Prospective, Multicenter Study of the Effects of Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Slow-Release Octreotide on Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Tumor Size
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4554 - 4563.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 GutHome page
P J Jenkins and P D Fairclough
Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer and polyps in patients with acromegaly
Gut, October 1, 2002; 51(90005): v13 - 14.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Ayuk, S. E. Stewart, P. M. Stewart, and M. C. Sheppard
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Depot Long-Acting Somatostatin Analogs for the Treatment of Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2002; 87(9): 4142 - 4146.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
D. M. Cook
Shouldn't Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency Be Offered Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy?
Ann Intern Med, August 6, 2002; 137(3): 197 - 201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
L. A. Frohman
Controversy about Treatment of Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults: A Commentary
Ann Intern Med, August 6, 2002; 137(3): 202 - 204.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. J. Trainer
Acromegaly--Consensus, What Consensus?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2002; 87(8): 3534 - 3536.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
M. S. Sandhu, D. B. Dunger, and E. L. Giovannucci
Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I), IGF Binding Proteins, Their Biologic Interactions, and Colorectal Cancer
J Natl Cancer Inst, July 3, 2002; 94(13): 972 - 980.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. A. Sklar, A. C. Mertens, P. Mitby, G. Occhiogrosso, J. Qin, G. Heller, Y. Yasui, and L. L. Robison
Risk of Disease Recurrence and Second Neoplasms in Survivors of Childhood Cancer Treated with Growth Hormone: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3136 - 3141.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. Brevetti, P. Marzullo, A. Silvestro, R. Pivonello, G. Oliva, C. di Somma, G. Lombardi, and A. Colao
Early Vascular Alterations in Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3174 - 3179.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. J. Irving, M. N. Carson, D. J. Webb, and B. R. Walker
Peripheral Vascular Structure and Function in Men with Contrasting GH Levels
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3309 - 3314.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 GutHome page
R Palmqvist, G Hallmans, S Rinaldi, C Biessy, R Stenling, E Riboli, and R Kaaks
Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study in northern Sweden
Gut, May 1, 2002; 50(5): 642 - 646.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
T. Shioi, J. R. McMullen, P. M. Kang, P. S. Douglas, T. Obata, T. F. Franke, L. C. Cantley, and S. Izumo
Akt/Protein Kinase B Promotes Organ Growth in Transgenic Mice
Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2002; 22(8): 2799 - 2809.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Parkinson, W. M. Drake, M. E. Roberts, K. Meeran, G. M. Besser, and P. J. Trainer
A Comparison of the Effects of Pegvisomant and Octreotide on Glucose, Insulin, Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, and Pancreatic Polypeptide Responses to Oral Glucose and a Standard Mixed Meal
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1797 - 1804.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. G. Renehan and S. M. Shalet
Acromegaly and Colorectal Cancer: Risk Assessment Should Be Based on Population-Based Studies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1909 - 1909.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
L. Le Marchand, T. Donlon, A. Seifried, R. Kaaks, S. Rinaldi, and L. R. Wilkens
Association of a Common Polymorphism in the Human GH1 Gene with Colorectal Neoplasia
J Natl Cancer Inst, March 20, 2002; 94(6): 454 - 460.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Parkinson, W. D. J. Ryder, and P. J. Trainer
The Relationship between Serum GH and Serum IGF-I in Acromegaly Is Gender-Specific
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5240 - 5244.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Nutr.Home page
E. Giovannucci
Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Colon Cancer: A Review of the Evidence
J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 3109S - 3120.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
J. Ma, E. Giovannucci, M. Pollak, J. M. Chan, J. M. Gaziano, W. Willett, and M. J. Stampfer
Milk Intake, Circulating Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Men
J Natl Cancer Inst, September 5, 2001; 93(17): 1330 - 1336.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. Bartke, K. Coschigano, J. Kopchick, V. Chandrashekar, J. Mattison, B. Kinney, and S. Hauck
Genes That Prolong Life: Relationships of Growth Hormone and Growth to Aging and Life Span
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2001; 56(8): B340 - 349.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Melmed
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE: Acromegaly and Cancer: Not a Problem?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 2929 - 2934.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. J. Jenkins and M. Besser
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE: Acromegaly and Cancer: A Problem
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 2935 - 2941.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Colao, A. Cuocolo, P. Marzullo, E. Nicolai, D. Ferone, A. M. Della Morte, R. Pivonello, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi
Is the Acromegalic Cardiomyopathy Reversible? Effect of 5-Year Normalization of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels on Cardiac Performance
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2001; 86(4): 1551 - 1557.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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