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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 83, No. 8 2694-2698
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

Original Studies

A Fasting Glucose to Insulin Ratio Is a Useful Measure of Insulin Sensitivity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome1

Richard S. Legro, Diane Finegood and Andrea Dunaif

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine (R.S.L.), Hershey Pennsylvania 17033; the Diabetes Research Laboratory, Simon Fraser University School of Kinesiology (D.F.), Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6; and the Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.D.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115.

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Andrea Dunaif, M.D., Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, PBB-Admin-5, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are profoundly insulin resistant, and the resultant hyperinsulinemia exacerbates the reproductive abnormalities of the syndrome. Agents that ameliorate insulin resistance and reduce circulating insulin levels could provide a new therapeutic modality for PCOS. Identifying the subset of PCOS women who are most insulin resistant may therefore be useful for selecting women who will respond to this therapy. We examined the correlation of basal and oral glucose-stimulated glucose and insulin levels and fasting and stimulated glucose/insulin (G:I) ratios with parameters of insulin sensitivity obtained by frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) to assess whether there is a simple screening test for insulin resistance in PCOS. Forty PCOS women (aged 18–40 yr; body mass index, >26 kg/m2) and 15 control women matched for age, weight, and ethnicity underwent both a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a FSIGT. The insulin sensitivity index (SI) was calculated by application of the minimal model of glucose kinetics to the dynamics of plasma glucose and insulin levels during the FSIGT. The best correlation in PCOS between SI and a fasting level was found with fasting G:I ratios (r = 0.73; P < 0.0001). A less substantial, but significant, correlation was found with fasting insulin levels (r = 0.50; P < 0.001), and no significant correlation was found with fasting glucose levels (r = 0.24; P = NS). The fasting G:I was more strongly correlated with SI than with integrated glucose and insulin responses during the OGTT. The only stronger correlation was with the OGTT 2 h G:I ratio (r = 0.74; P < 0.001). Stepwise regression analysis with SI as the dependent variable and fasting glucose and insulin levels, area under the curve for glucose and insulin, and a fasting G:I ratio showed that only the fasting G:I ratio was significantly predictive of SI in the model (F to remove value = 38.1; P < 0.001). When viewed as a screening test for insulin resistance in PCOS, setting a value of the fasting G:I ratio of less than 4.5 as abnormal (using an SI value below the 10th percentile of our control population as evidence for insulin resistance), the sensitivity of a fasting G:I ratio was 95%, the specificity was 84%, the positive predictive value was 87%, and the negative predictive value was 94%. Receiver operator curve analysis showed that this fasting G:I ratio was the single best screening measure for detecting insulin resistance. We conclude that a fasting G:I ratio may be useful as a screening test for insulin resistance in obese non-Hispanic white PCOS women. This may be a clinically useful parameter for selecting PCOS women most likely to respond to therapeutic interventions that improve insulin sensitivity.




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 Hum ReprodHome page
D. Panidis, A. Kourtis, D. Farmakiotis, T. Mouslech, D. Rousso, and G. Koliakos
Serum adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2003; 18(9): 1790 - 1796.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P.-H. Ducluzeau, P. Cousin, E. Malvoisin, H. Bornet, H. Vidal, M. Laville, and M. Pugeat
Glucose-to-Insulin Ratio Rather than Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Adiponectin Levels Is the Best Predictor of Insulin Resistance in Nonobese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3626 - 3631.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Diabetes CareHome page
H. Yokoyama, M. Emoto, S. Fujiwara, K. Motoyama, T. Morioka, M. Komatsu, H. Tahara, T. Shoji, Y. Okuno, and Y. Nishizawa
Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index and the Reciprocal Index of Homeostasis Model Assessment in Normal Range Weight and Moderately Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Diabetes Care, August 1, 2003; 26(8): 2426 - 2432.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
K-L. C. Jen, A. Buison, M. Pellizzon, F. Ordiz Jr., L. Santa Ana, and J. Brown
Differential Effects of Fatty Acids and Exercise on Body Weight Regulation and Metabolism in Female Wistar Rats
Experimental Biology and Medicine, July 1, 2003; 228(7): 843 - 849.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
R. S. Legro
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease: A Premature Association?
Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 302 - 312.
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 Hum ReprodHome page
J. Tesarik
Effects of LH on oocyte yield and developmental competence
Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2003; 18(6): 1358 - 1360.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of HealthHome page
A. S. M Ahmed
Polycystic ovaries: the role of insulin
Perspectives in Public Health, June 1, 2003; 123(2): 78 - 79.
[PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
M. Schachter, A. Raziel, S. Friedler, D. Strassburger, O. Bern, and R. Ron-El
Insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with elevated plasma homocysteine
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2003; 18(4): 721 - 727.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. Guercio, M. A. Rivarola, E. Chaler, M. Maceiras, and A. Belgorosky
Relationship between the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adrenal Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Girls
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 1389 - 1393.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Orio Jr., S. Palomba, S. Di Biase, A. Colao, L. Tauchmanova, S. Savastano, D. Labella, T. Russo, F. Zullo, and G. Lombardi
Homocysteine Levels and C677T Polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 673 - 679.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
S. S. George, K. George, C. Irwin, V. Job, R. Selvakumar, V. Jeyaseelan, and M.S. Seshadri
Sequential treatment of metformin and clomiphene citrate in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial
Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2003; 18(2): 299 - 304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
J.G. Dolfing, K.E. Tucker, C.M. Lem, J. Uittenbogaart, J.C. Verzijl, and D.H. Schweitzer
Low 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol conversion reflects extra-adrenal factors in the majority of women with normo-gonadotrophic normo-estrogenic infertility
Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2003; 18(2): 333 - 337.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Taponen, H. Martikainen, M.-R. Jarvelin, J. Laitinen, A. Pouta, A.-L. Hartikainen, U. Sovio, M. I. McCarthy, S. Franks, and A. Ruokonen
Hormonal Profile of Women with Self-Reported Symptoms of Oligomenorrhea and/or Hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 141 - 147.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. D'Alfonso, M. A. Marini, L. Frittitta, R. Sorge, S. Frontoni, O. Porzio, L. M. Mariani, D. Lauro, S. Gambardella, V. Trischitta, et al.
Polymorphisms of the Insulin Receptor Subtrate-2 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 317 - 322.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
M. Urbanek, Y. Du, K. Silander, F. S. Collins, C. M. Steppan, J. F. Strauss III, A. Dunaif, R. S. Spielman, and R. S. Legro
Variation in Resistin Gene Promoter Not Associated With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Diabetes, January 1, 2003; 52(1): 214 - 217.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
U. Pagotto, A. Gambineri, V. Vicennati, M. L. Heiman, M. Tschop, and R. Pasquali
Plasma Ghrelin, Obesity, and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Correlation with Insulin Resistance and Androgen Levels
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5625 - 5629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Diabetes Spectr.Home page
R. Murray
Recognizing the Signs of Metabolic Syndrome and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Caucasian Adolescent Girl: Differentiating Type 2 From Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetes Spectr, October 1, 2002; 15(4): 227 - 231.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
R. Homburg
What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?: A proposal for a consensus on the definition and diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2002; 17(10): 2495 - 2499.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. Azziz
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Molecular Defects of Insulin Signaling
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2002; 87(9): 4085 - 4087.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
K. Elter, G. Imir, and F. Durmusoglu
Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin added to ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled study
Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2002; 17(7): 1729 - 1737.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Diabetes CareHome page
J. Vrbikova, B. Bendlova, M. Hill, M. Vankova, K. Vondra, and L. Starka
Insulin Sensitivity and {beta}-Cell Function in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Diabetes Care, July 1, 2002; 25(7): 1217 - 1222.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. B. Seminara and W. F. Crowley Jr.
Genetic Approaches to Unraveling Reproductive Disorders: Examples of Bedside to Bench Research in the Genomic Era
Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2002; 23(3): 382 - 392.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. S. Legro, R. Bentley-Lewis, D. Driscoll, S. C. Wang, and A. Dunaif
Insulin Resistance in the Sisters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Association with Hyperandrogenemia Rather Than Menstrual Irregularity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2128 - 2133.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
V. Jayagopal, E. S. Kilpatrick, S. Holding, P. E. Jennings, and S. L. Atkin
The Biological Variation of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1560 - 1562.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. R. Palmert, C. M. Gordon, A. I. Kartashov, R. S. Legro, S. J. Emans, and A. Dunaif
Screening for Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1017 - 1023.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. A. Dumesic, R. D. Schramm, E. Peterson, A. M. Paprocki, R. Zhou, and D. H. Abbott
Impaired Developmental Competence of Oocytes in Adult Prenatally Androgenized Female Rhesus Monkeys Undergoing Gonadotropin Stimulation for in Vitro Fertilization
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1111 - 1119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. Guercio, M. A. Rivarola, E. Chaler, M. Maceiras, and A. Belgorosky
Relationship between the GH/IGF-I Axis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adrenal Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Boys
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1162 - 1169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, M. Ferin, D. J. McMahon, L. S. Levine, and S. E. Oberfield
Elevated Free IGF-I Levels in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche: Relationship with Hyperandrogenism and Insulin Sensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 398 - 403.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
R. M. Koivunen, L. C. Morin-Papunen, A. Ruokonen, J. S. Tapanainen, and H. K. Martikainen
Ovarian steroidogenic response to human chorionic gonadotrophin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of metformin
Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2001; 16(12): 2546 - 2551.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
J. J. Meier, K. Hucking, J. J. Holst, C. F. Deacon, W. H. Schmiegel, and M. A. Nauck
Reduced Insulinotropic Effect of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes, November 1, 2001; 50(11): 2497 - 2504.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. J. Quon
Limitations of the Fasting Glucose to Insulin Ratio as an Index of Insulin Sensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4615 - 4617.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. P. Goldstone, E. L. Thomas, A. E. Brynes, J. D. Bell, G. Frost, N. Saeed, J. V. Hajnal, J. K. Howard, A. Holland, and S. R. Bloom
Visceral Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Complications of Obesity Are Reduced in Prader-Willi Syndrome Female Adults: Evidence for Novel Influences on Body Fat Distribution
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4330 - 4338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
P.M. Spritzer, M. Poy, D. Wiltgen, L.S. Mylius, and E. Capp
Leptin concentrations in hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism: influence on LH and relationship with hormonal, metabolic, and anthropometric measurements
Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2001; 16(7): 1340 - 1346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, D. J. McMahon, L. S. Levine, A. R. Murphy, and S. E. Oberfield
Comparison of Simple Measures of Insulin Sensitivity in Young Girls with Premature Adrenarche: The Fasting Glucose to Insulin Ratio May Be a Simple and Useful Measure
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2863 - 2868.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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