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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 83, No. 7 2266-2274
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

Original Studies

Relationship of Serum Sex Steroid Levels and Bone Turnover Markers with Bone Mineral Density in Men and Women: A Key Role for Bioavailable Estrogen1

Sundeep Khosla, L. Joseph Melton, III, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, W. M. O’Fallon, George G. Klee and B. Lawrence Riggs

Endocrine Research Unit (S.K., B.L.R.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition; Departments of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Research (L.J.M., E.J.A., W.M.O.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (G.G.K.), Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Sundeep Khosla, M.D., Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5–164 West Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905. E-mail: khosla.sundeep{at}mayo.edu

Estrogen (E) deficiency associated with the menopause is the major cause of bone loss in aging women. However, men also lose significant amounts of bone with age, but they do not have the equivalent of menopause, and serum total testosterone (T) and E levels decline only marginally with age in men. Thus, it has been difficult to attribute bone loss in aging men to either T or E deficiency. Here, we show in a population-based, age-stratified sample of 346 men, aged 23–90 yr, that serum total T and E (estradiol plus estrone) levels decreased over the life span by 30% and 12%, respectively, but bioavailable (or nonsex hormone-binding globulin-bound) T and E levels decreased by 64% and 47%, respectively. In these men and in a parallel cohort of 304 women, aged 21–94 yr, serum PTH increased 84% and 64% over the life span, and urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) excretion, a bone resorption marker, increased 77% and 80% between age 50–85 yr in the men and women, respectively. By univariate analyses, serum bioavailable T and E levels correlated positively with bone mineral density (BMD) at the total body, spine, proximal femur, and distal radius and negatively with urinary NTx excretion in men and women. Urinary NTx excretion was also negatively associated with BMD in both sexes. By multivariate analyses, however, serum bioavailable E level was the consistent independent predictor of BMD in both men and postmenopausal women. Thus, bioavailable E levels decline significantly with age and are important predictors of BMD in men as well as women. These studies suggest that in contrast to traditional belief, age-related bone loss may be the result of E deficiency not just in postmenopausal women, but also in men.




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J. P. Brown and R. G. Josse
2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada
Can. Med. Assoc. J., November 12, 2002; 167(90100): s1 - 34.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Taxel, P. M. Fall, P. C. Albertsen, R. D. Dowsett, M. Trahiotis, J. Zimmerman, C. Ohannessian, and L. G. Raisz
The Effect of Micronized Estradiol on Bone Turnover and Calciotropic Hormones in Older Men Receiving Hormonal Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 4907 - 4913.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
B. L. Riggs, S. Khosla, and L. J. Melton III
Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton
Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2002; 23(3): 279 - 302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
F. Scopacasa, J.M. Wishart, A.G. Need, M. Horowitz, H.A. Morris, and B.E.C. Nordin
Bone Density and Bone-Related Biochemical Variables in Normal Men: A Longitudinal Study
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2002; 57(6): M385 - 391.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Khosla, L. J. Melton III, and B. L. Riggs
Estrogen and the Male Skeleton
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1443 - 1450.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Wang and R. S. Swerdloff
Should the Nonaromatizable Androgen Dihydrotestosterone Be Considered as an Alternative to Testosterone in the Treatment of the Andropause?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1462 - 1466.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. L. Hui, A. J. Perkins, L. Zhou, C. Longcope, M. J. Econs, M. Peacock, C. McClintock, and C. C. Johnston Jr.
Bone Loss at the Femoral Neck in Premenopausal White Women: Effects of Weight Change and Sex-Hormone Levels
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1539 - 1543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Khosla, E. J. Atkinson, C. R. Dunstan, and W. M. O'Fallon
Effect of Estrogen versus Testosterone on Circulating Osteoprotegerin and Other Cytokine Levels in Normal Elderly Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1550 - 1554.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. Blain, A. Vuillemin, F. Guillemin, R. Durant, B. Hanesse, N. de Talance, B. Doucet, and C. Jeandel
Serum Leptin Level Is a Predictor of Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1030 - 1035.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
D. M. Biskobing
COPD and Osteoporosis
Chest, February 1, 2002; 121(2): 609 - 620.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. M. Matsumoto
Andropause: Clinical Implications of the Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels With Aging in Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2002; 57(2): M76 - 99.
[Full Text]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
C. Christmas, K. G. O'Connor, S. M. Harman, J. D. Tobin, T. Munzer, M. F. Bellantoni, C. St. Clair, K. M. Pabst, J. D. Sorkin, and M. R. Blackman
Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Effects on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aged Women and Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2002; 57(1): M12 - 18.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Ringe, H. Faber, and A. Dorst
Alendronate Treatment of Established Primary Osteoporosis in Men: Results of a 2-Year Prospective Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5252 - 5255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Khosla, L. J. Melton III, E. J. Atkinson, and W. M. O'Fallon
Relationship of Serum Sex Steroid Levels to Longitudinal Changes in Bone Density in Young Versus Elderly Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3555 - 3561.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Szulc, L. C. Hofbauer, A. E. Heufelder, S. Roth, and P. D. Delmas
Osteoprotegerin Serum Levels in Men: Correlation with Age, Estrogen, and Testosterone Status
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 3162 - 3165.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Vermeulen
Androgen Replacement Therapy in the Aging Male--A Critical Evaluation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2380 - 2390.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Taxel, D. G. Kennedy, P. M. Fall, A. K. Willard, J. M. Clive, and L. G. Raisz
The Effect of Aromatase Inhibition on Sex Steroids, Gonadotropins, and Markers of Bone Turnover in Older Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2869 - 2874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann Rheum DisHome page
C Alexander
Idiopathic osteoporosis: an evolutionary dys-adaptation?
Ann Rheum Dis, June 1, 2001; 60(6): 554 - 558.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Scheidt-Nave, H. Bismar, G. Leidig-Bruckner, H. Woitge, M. J. Seibel, R. Ziegler, and J. Pfeilschifter
Serum Interleukin 6 Is a Major Predictor of Bone Loss in Women Specific to the First Decade Past Menopause
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2001; 86(5): 2032 - 2042.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Masi, L. Becherini, L. Gennari, A. Amedei, E. Colli, A. Falchetti, M. Farci, S. Silvestri, S. Gonnelli, and M. L. Brandi
Polymorphism of the Aromatase Gene in Postmenopausal Italian Women: Distribution and Correlation with Bone Mass and Fracture Risk
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2001; 86(5): 2263 - 2269.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. M. Kenny, K. M. Prestwood, C. A. Gruman, K. M. Marcello, and L. G. Raisz
Effects of Transdermal Testosterone on Bone and Muscle in Older Men With Low Bioavailable Testosterone Levels
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2001; 56(5): 266M - 272.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am J EpidemiolHome page
G. K. Rosvold Berntsen, V. Fonnebo, A. Tollan, A. Johanne Sogaard, and J. H. Magnus
Forearm Bone Mineral Density by Age in 7,620 Men and Women The Tromso Study, a Population-based Study
Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2001; 153(5): 465 - 473.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
T. A Ricci, S. B Heymsfield, R. N Pierson Jr, T. Stahl, H. A Chowdhury, and S. A Shapses
Moderate energy restriction increases bone resorption in obese postmenopausal women
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2001; 73(2): 347 - 352.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JRSMHome page
G. M Prelevic
Osteoporosis in men
J R Soc Med, January 12, 2001; 94(12): 620 - 623.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Szulc, F. Munoz, B. Claustrat, P. Garnero, F. Marchand, F. Duboeuf, and P. D. Delmas
Bioavailable Estradiol May Be an Important Determinant of Osteoporosis in Men: The MINOS Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2001; 86(1): 192 - 199.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
S. Amin, Y. Zhang, C. T. Sawin, S. R. Evans, M. T. Hannan, D. P. Kiel, P. W.F. Wilson, and D. T. Felson
Association of Hypogonadism and Estradiol Levels with Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Men from the Framingham Study
Ann Intern Med, December 19, 2000; 133(12): 951 - 963.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
M. S. Katz
Geriatrics Grand Rounds: Eve's Rib, or a Revisionist View of Osteoporosis in Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2000; 55(10): 560M - 569.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Ann Rheum DisHome page
J M Kaufman, O Johnell, E Abadie, S Adami, M Audran, B Avouac, W B. Sedrine, G Calvo, J P Devogelaer, V Fuchs, et al.
Background for studies on the treatment of male osteoporosis: state of the art
Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2000; 59(10): 765 - 772.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Legrain, C. Massien, N. Lahlou, M. Roger, B. Debuire, B. Diquet, G. Chatellier, M. Azizi, V. Faucounau, H. Porchet, et al.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Replacement Administration: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies in Healthy Elderly Subjects
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3208 - 3217.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. W. van den Beld, F. H. de Jong, D. E. Grobbee, H. A. P. Pols, and S. W. J. Lamberts
Measures of Bioavailable Serum Testosterone and Estradiol and Their Relationships with Muscle Strength, Bone Density, and Body Composition in Elderly Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3276 - 3282.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. M. Kenny, K. M. Prestwood, K. M. Marcello, and L. G. Raisz
Determinants of Bone Density in Healthy Older Men With Low Testosterone Levels
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., September 1, 2000; 55(9): 492M - 497.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
G. Ravaglia, P. Forti, F. Maioli, B. Nesi, L. Pratelli, D. Cucinotta, L. Bastagli, and G. Cavalli
Body Composition, Sex Steroids, IGF-1, and Bone Mineral Status in Aging Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., September 1, 2000; 55(9): 516M - 521.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. M. Pino, L. E. Valladares, M. A. Palma, A. M. Mancilla, M. Yáñez, and C. Albala
Dietary Isoflavones Affect Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Levels in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2797 - 2800.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Z. Ke, H. Qi, D. T. Crawford, K. L. Chidsey-Frink, H. A. Simmons, and D. D. Thompson
Lasofoxifene (CP-336,156), a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Prevents Bone Loss Induced by Aging and Orchidectomy in the Adult Rat
Endocrinology, April 1, 2000; 141(4): 1338 - 1344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann Rheum DisHome page
K. Redlich, S. Ziegler, H. P Kiener, S. Spitzauer, P. Stohlawetz, P. Bernecker, F. Kainberger, S. Grampp, S. Kudlacek, W. Woloszczuk, et al.
Bone mineral density and biochemical parameters of bone metabolism in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Ann Rheum Dis, April 1, 2000; 59(4): 308 - 310.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. Barrett-Connor, J. E. Mueller, D. G. von Mühlen, G. A. Laughlin, D. L. Schneider, and D. J. Sartoris
Low Levels of Estradiol Are Associated with Vertebral Fractures in Older Men, But Not Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 219 - 223.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
Estrogen: Consequences and Implications of Human Mutations in Synthesis and Action
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1999; 84(12): 4677 - 4694.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. R. Center, T. V. Nguyen, P. N. Sambrook, and J. A. Eisman
Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in the Determination of Osteoporosis in Elderly Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3626 - 3635.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Libanati, D. J. Baylink, E. Lois-Wenzel, N. Srinivasan, and S. Mohan
Studies on the Potential Mediators of Skeletal Changes Occurring during Puberty in Girls
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2807 - 2814.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 LupusHome page
S Khosla, L J Melton III, and B L Riggs
Osteoporosis: gender differences and similarities
Lupus, June 1, 1999; 8(5): 393 - 396.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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