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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Differences among Individuals with and without Abnormal Thyroid Function¹

Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh (E.M., L.A.O., M.K.K., J.P.B., J.S.S., A.R.S., J.S.D.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (T.P.F., M.T.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; the Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario (A.L.), Rosario 2000, Argentina; and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Illinois School of Public Health (B.J.M.), Chicago, Illinois 60612

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Janice S. Dorman, Ph.D., Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261. E-mail: jsd{at}vms.cis.pitt.edu

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus probands from the Familial Autoimmune and Diabetes Study were evaluated for autoimmune thyroid disease (n = 265). The prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was 26.6%; 42.0% of these individuals were euthyroid, and 58.0% were hypothyroid. There was a female predominance among hypothyroid and euthyroid Hashimoto’s cases compared to those with no thyroid disease (75% vs. 72.4% vs. 41.6%; P < 0.001). Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis were more likely to report another autoimmune disease compared to euthyroid Hashimoto’s patients or individuals with no thyroid disease (30.8% vs. 17.2% vs. 13.9%; P < 0.01). Sex-specific analysis revealed that this difference was significant for men but not for women. Both euthyroid and hypothyroid Hashimoto’s cases were more likely to have a family history of the disease (66.7% vs. 69.2% vs. 47.7%; P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the prevalence of DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 or DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 across the three groups. Body mass index, lipid levels, glycemic control, and diabetes complications were also similar. However, euthyroid Hashimoto’s women were more likely to report spontaneous abortions than those with hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or no thyroid disease (23.8% vs. 61.5% vs. 29.1%; P < 0.05). These data suggest that gender-specific risk factors may be primary determinants of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and other autoimmune diseases among women. However, disease-specific determinants may also increase susceptibility to other autoimmune diseases.

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