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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 83, No. 2 382-395
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

Original Studies

Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adulthood and the Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement: A Review

Paul V. Carroll, Emanuel R. Christ the members of Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee:, B. Å. Bengtsson, L. Carlsson, J. S. Christiansen, D. Clemmons, R. Hintz, K. Ho, Z. Laron, P. Sizonenko, P. H. Sönksen, T. Tanaka and M. Thorner

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: GRS Secretariat, Medical Department M, Aarhus Kommunehospital, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.

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P. V. Carroll, W. M. Drake, K. T. Maher, K. Metcalfe, N. J. Shaw, D. B. Dunger, T. D. Cheetham, C. Camacho-Hubner, M. O. Savage, and J. P. Monson
Comparison of Continuation or Cessation of Growth Hormone (GH) Therapy on Body Composition and Metabolic Status in Adolescents with Severe GH Deficiency at Completion of Linear Growth
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2004; 89(8): 3890 - 3895.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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J. Svensson, B.-A. Bengtsson, T. Rosen, A. Oden, and G. Johannsson
Malignant Disease and Cardiovascular Morbidity in Hypopituitary Adults with or without Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3306 - 3312.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
S. M. Harman and M. R. Blackman
Hormones and Supplements: Do They Work?: Use of Growth Hormone for Prevention or Treatment of Effects of Aging
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2004; 59(7): B652 - B658.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Maison, S. Griffin, M. Nicoue-Beglah, N. Haddad, B. Balkau, and P. Chanson
Impact of Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in GH-Deficient Adults: A Metaanalysis of Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2004; 89(5): 2192 - 2199.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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R. D. Murray, J. E. Adams, and S. M. Shalet
Adults with Partial Growth Hormone Deficiency Have an Adverse Body Composition
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1586 - 1591.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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E. R. Christ, M. H. Cummings, N. Jackson, M. Stolinski, P. J. Lumb, A. S. Wierzbicki, P. H. Sonksen, D. L. Russell-Jones, and A. M. Umpleby
Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Therapy on Low-Density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein B100 Kinetics in Adult Patients with GH Deficiency: A Stable Isotope Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1801 - 1807.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. D. Murray, B. Columb, J. E. Adams, and S. M. Shalet
Low Bone Mass Is an Infrequent Feature of the Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Syndrome in Middle-Age Adults and the Elderly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2004; 89(3): 1124 - 1130.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. G. Albert and A. D. Mooradian
Low-Dose Recombinant Human Growth Hormone as Adjuvant Therapy to Lifestyle Modifications in the Management of Obesity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 695 - 701.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
M. S. Sandhu, J. M. Gibson, A. H. Heald, D. B. Dunger, and N. J. Wareham
Association between Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I: Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 Ratio and Metabolic and Anthropometric Factors in Men and Women
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2004; 13(1): 166 - 170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. R. Edmondson, S. P. Thumiger, G. A. Werther, and C. J. Wraight
Epidermal Homeostasis: The Role of the Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Systems
Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2003; 24(6): 737 - 764.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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S. G. Thomas, J. G. Esposito, and S. Ezzat
Exercise Training Benefits Growth Hormone (GH)-Deficient Adults in the Absence or Presence of GH Treatment
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5734 - 5738.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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M. Lange, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, O. L. Svendsen, K. W. Kastrup, A. Juul, and J. Muller
High Risk of Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults Previously Treated for Idiopathic Childhood Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5784 - 5789.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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J. Shi, R. V. Sekhar, A. Balasubramanyam, K. Ellis, P. J. Reeds, F. Jahoor, and M. D. Sharma
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement on Protein Metabolism in GH-Deficient Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5827 - 5833.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Mukherjee, J. P. Monson, P. J. Jonsson, P. J. Trainer, and S. M. Shalet
Seeking the Optimal Target Range for Insulin-Like Growth Factor I during the Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Disorders
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5865 - 5870.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mayo Clin Proc.Home page
D. E. Meyers and R. C. Cuneo
Controversies Regarding the Effects of Growth Hormone on the Heart
Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1521 - 1526.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 CirculationHome page
P. Maison and P. Chanson
Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Meta-Analysis
Circulation, November 25, 2003; 108(21): 2648 - 2652.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Tauber, B. Jouret, A. Cartault, N. Lounis, M. Gayrard, C. Marcouyeux, C. Pienkowski, I. Oliver, P. Moulin, P. Otal, et al.
Adolescents with Partial Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency Develop Alterations of Body Composition after GH Discontinuation and Require Follow-Up
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5101 - 5106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. E. Engstrom, P. Burman, C. Holdstock, and F. A. Karlsson
Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on Ghrelin, Leptin, and Adiponectin in GH-Deficient Patients
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5193 - 5198.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. L. Healy, J. Gibney, D. L. Russell-Jones, C. Pentecost, P. Croos, P. H. Sonksen, and A. M. Umpleby
High Dose Growth Hormone Exerts an Anabolic Effect at Rest and during Exercise in Endurance-Trained Athletes
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5221 - 5226.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Katznelson, W. P. Fairfield, N. Zeizafoun, B. E. Sands, M. A. Peppercorn, D. I. Rosenthal, and A. Klibanski
Effects of Growth Hormone Secretion on Body Composition in Patients with Crohn's Disease
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5468 - 5472.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
W. F. Blum, E. P. Shavrikova, D. J. Edwards, M. Rosilio, M. L. Hartman, F. Marin, D. Valle, A. J. van der Lely, A. F. Attanasio, C. J. Strasburger, et al.
Decreased Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency Compared with General Populations Using the New, Validated, Self-Weighted Questionnaire, Questions on Life Satisfaction Hypopituitarism Module
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 4158 - 4167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Physiol.Home page
J. H Koeslag, P. T Saunders, and E. Terblanche
A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex
J. Physiol., June 1, 2003; 549(2): 333 - 346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Svensson, K. Stibrant Sunnerhagen, and G. Johannsson
Five Years of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults: Age- and Gender-Related Changes in Isometric and Isokinetic Muscle Strength
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2003; 88(5): 2061 - 2069.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
W. M. Drake, P. V. Carroll, K. T. Maher, K. A. Metcalfe, C. Camacho-Hubner, N. J. Shaw, D. B. Dunger, T. D. Cheetham, M. O. Savage, and J. P. Monson
The Effect of Cessation of Growth Hormone (GH) Therapy on Bone Mineral Accretion in GH-Deficient Adolescents at the Completion of Linear Growth
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1658 - 1663.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCOHome page
K. C. Oeffinger, A. C. Mertens, C. A. Sklar, Y. Yasui, T. Fears, M. Stovall, T. A. Vik, P. D. Inskip, and L. L. Robison
Obesity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2003; 21(7): 1359 - 1365.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Colao, C. Di Somma, S. Spiezia, M. Filippella, R. Pivonello, and G. Lombardi
Effect of Growth Hormone (GH) and/or Testosterone Replacement on the Prostate in GH-Deficient Adult Patients
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 88 - 94.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JAMAHome page
M. R. Blackman, J. D. Sorkin, T. Munzer, M. F. Bellantoni, J. Busby-Whitehead, T. E. Stevens, J. Jayme, K. G. O'Connor, C. Christmas, J. D. Tobin, et al.
Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Administration in Healthy Aged Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA, November 13, 2002; 288(18): 2282 - 2292.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. M. Erfurth, B. Bulow, G. Svahn-Tapper, B. Norrving, K. Odh, Z. Mikoczy, J. Bjork, and L. Hagmar
Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Deaths in Patients Operated and Irradiated for Pituitary Tumors
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 4892 - 4899.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
W. L. Isley
Growth Hormone Therapy for Adults: Not Ready for Prime Time?
Ann Intern Med, August 6, 2002; 137(3): 190 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
D. M. Cook
Shouldn't Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency Be Offered Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy?
Ann Intern Med, August 6, 2002; 137(3): 197 - 201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Hoybye, A. Hilding, H. Jacobsson, and M. Thoren
Metabolic Profile and Body Composition in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Severe Obesity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2002; 87(8): 3590 - 3597.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Ezzat, S. Fear, R.-C. Gaillard, C. Gayle, H. Landy, S. Marcovitz, T. Mattioni, S. Nussey, A. Rees, and E. Svanberg
Gender-Specific Responses of Lean Body Composition and Non-Gender-Specific Cardiac Function Improvement after GH Replacement in GH-Deficient Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2725 - 2733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Kehely, P. C. Bates, P. Frewer, M. Birkett, W. F. Blum, P. Mamessier, S. Ezzat, K. K. Y. Ho, G. Lombardi, A. Luger, et al.
Short-Term Safety and Efficacy of Human GH Replacement Therapy in 595 Adults with GH Deficiency: A Comparison of Two Dosage Algorithms
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 1974 - 1979.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. A. S. Barreto-Filho, M. R. S. Alcantara, R. Salvatori, M. A. Barreto, A. C. S. Sousa, V. Bastos, A. H. Souza, R. M. C. Pereira, P. E. Clayton, M. S. Gill, et al.
Familial Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency Is Associated with Increased Systolic Blood Pressure, Central Obesity, and Dyslipidemia
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2018 - 2023.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. F. Attanasio, P. C. Bates, K. K. Y. Ho, S. M. Webb, R. J. Ross, C. J. Strasburger, R. Bouillon, B. Crowe, K. Selander, D. Valle, et al.
Human Growth Hormone Replacement in Adult Hypopituitary Patients: Long-Term Effects on Body Composition and Lipid Status--3-Year Results from the HypoCCS Database
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1600 - 1606.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Colao, C. di Somma, R. Pivonello, A. Cuocolo, L. Spinelli, D. Bonaduce, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi
The Cardiovascular Risk of Adult GH Deficiency (GHD) Improved after GH Replacement and Worsened in Untreated GHD: A 12-Month Prospective Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1088 - 1093.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Molitch
Diagnosis of GH Deficiency in Adults--How Good Do the Criteria Need to Be?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 473 - 476.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Marzullo, C. Buckway, K. L. Pratt, A. Colao, J. Guevara-Aguirre, and R. G. Rosenfeld
Leptin Concentrations in GH Deficiency: The Effect of GH Insensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 540 - 545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. S. Randeva, R. D. Murray, K. C. Lewandowski, C. J. O'Callaghan, R. Horn, P. O'Hare, G. Brabant, E. W. Hillhouse, and S. M. Shalet
Differential Effects of GH Replacement on the Components of the Leptin System in GH-Deficient Individuals
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 798 - 804.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. D. Murray, K. H. Darzy, H. K. Gleeson, and S. M. Shalet
GH-Deficient Survivors of Childhood Cancer: GH Replacement during Adult Life
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 129 - 135.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
C. Christmas, K. G. O'Connor, S. M. Harman, J. D. Tobin, T. Munzer, M. F. Bellantoni, C. St. Clair, K. M. Pabst, J. D. Sorkin, and M. R. Blackman
Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Effects on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aged Women and Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2002; 57(1): M12 - 18.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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