This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ibáñez, L. Articles by de Zegher, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ibáñez, L. Articles by de Zegher, F.

Precocious Pubarche, Hyperinsulinism, and Ovarian Hyperandrogenism in Girls: Relation to Reduced Fetal Growth

Adolescent and Endocrine Unit (L.I.) and Hormonal Laboratory (N.P.), Hospital Universitari Materno-Infantil Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Leuven (I.F., F.d.Z.), Leuven, Belgium

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Lourdes Ibáñez, M.D., Ph.D., Adolescent and Endocrine Unit, Hospital Universitari Materno-Infantil Vall d’Hebron, P° Vall d’Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: lourdes.ibanez{at}deinfo.es

Pronounced adrenarche with precocious pubarche (PP) in girls has been associated with hyperinsulinism and subsequent functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH). Recently, pronounced adrenarche and insulin resistance have each been related to low birth weight. We have now tested the hypothesis that the frequent concurrence of PP with pronounced adrenarche, FOH, and hyperinsulinemia in girls may be secondary to separate relationships between these conditions and low birth weight.

A total of 185 girls (aged 5–18 yr) without endocrinopathy or with PP and pronounced adrenarche with or without FOH were studied; mean serum insulin (MSI) concentrations were determined after a standardized oral glucose tolerance test. Birth weight SD scores [mean (SEM)] of control girls (0.38 ± 0.08; n = 83) were higher (P < 0.0001) than those of PP girls (-0.81 ± 0.13; n = 102). Among postmenarcheal PP girls, birth weight SD scores of girls without FOH (-0.25 ± 0.19; n = 25) were higher (P < 0.0001) than those in girls with FOH (-1.51 ± 0.28; n = 23). In pubertal girls (n = 145), MSI levels correlated negatively with birth weight SD scores (r = -0.48; P < 0.05), independently of PP. MSI levels in girls with birth weight below 1 SD (93 ± 9 mU/L; n = 33) were higher (P < 0.0001) than those in girls with birth weight between -1 and +1 SD (52 ± 2 mU/L; n = 94), whereas glycemia profiles were comparable.

Integration of the aforementioned data suggests that there may be a sequence in the associations between reduced fetal growth and components of the postnatal endocrine system; minor fetal growth reduction appears to be associated with amplified adrenarche, whereas more pronounced prenatal growth restriction seem to precede FOH and hyperinsulinemia during adolescence.

In conclusion, these findings corroborate the hypothesis that the frequent concurrence of PP (with pronounced adrenarche), FOH, and hyperinsulinemia in girls may result from a common early origin (low birth weight serving as a marker), rather than from a direct interrelationship later in life.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				F. de Zegher and L. Ibanez Early Origins of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Hypotheses May Change without Notice J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2009; 94(10): 3682 - 3685. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Maliqueo, T. Sir-Petermann, V. Perez, B. Echiburu, A. Ladron de Guevara, C. Galvez, N. Crisosto, and R. Azziz Adrenal Function during Childhood and Puberty in Daughters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2009; 94(9): 3282 - 3288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, A. Lopez-Bermejo, M. Diaz, M. V. Marcos, P. Casano, and F. de Zegher Abdominal Fat Partitioning and High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2009; 94(3): 1049 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, A. Lopez-Bermejo, M. Diaz, M. V. Marcos, and F. de Zegher Metformin Treatment for Four Years to Reduce Total and Visceral Fat in Low Birth Weight Girls with Precocious Pubarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2008; 93(5): 1841 - 1845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, A. Lopez-Bermejo, J. Callejo, A. Torres, S. Cabre, D. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Polycystic Ovaries in Nonobese Adolescents and Young Women with Ovarian Androgen Excess: Relation to Prenatal Growth J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2008; 93(1): 196 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. K Ong, F. de Zegher, A. Lopez-Bermejo, D. B Dunger, and L. Ibanez Flutamide metformin for post-menarcheal girls with preclinical ovarian androgen excess: evidence for differential response by androgen receptor genotype Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2007; 157(5): 661 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Utriainen, J. Jaaskelainen, J. Romppanen, and R. Voutilainen Childhood Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Premature Adrenarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4282 - 4285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Karlberg, H. Jalanko, and M. Lipsanen-Nyman Growth and Growth Hormone Therapy in Subjects With Mulibrey Nanism Pediatrics, July 1, 2007; 120(1): e102 - e111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Saenger, P. Czernichow, I. Hughes, and E. O. Reiter Small for Gestational Age: Short Stature and Beyond Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2007; 28(2): 219 - 251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Rosenfield Identifying Children at Risk for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 787 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. E. Clayton, S. Cianfarani, P. Czernichow, G. Johannsson, R. Rapaport, and A. Rogol Management of the Child Born Small for Gestational Age through to Adulthood: A Consensus Statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 804 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, A. Jaramillo, G. Enriquez, E. Miro, A. Lopez-Bermejo, D. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Polycystic ovaries after precocious pubarche: relation to prenatal growth Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2007; 22(2): 395 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Sloboda, R. Hart, D. A. Doherty, C. E. Pennell, and M. Hickey Age at Menarche: Influences of Prenatal and Postnatal Growth J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2007; 92(1): 46 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Radetti, A. Fanolla, L. Pappalardo, and E. Gottardi Prematurity May Be a Risk Factor for Thyroid Dysfunction in Childhood J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2007; 92(1): 155 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. I. Hernandez, A. Martinez, T. Capurro, V. Pena, L. Trejo, A. Avila, T. Salazar, S. Asenjo, G. Iniguez, and V. Mericq Comparison of Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Biochemical Differences at the Beginning of Puberty in Healthy Girls Born Either Small for Gestational Age or Appropriate for Gestational Age: Preliminary Results J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3377 - 3381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, K. Ong, C. Valls, M. V. Marcos, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Metformin Treatment to Prevent Early Puberty in Girls with Precocious Pubarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 2888 - 2891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sir-Petermann, E. Codner, M. Maliqueo, B. Echiburu, C. Hitschfeld, N. Crisosto, F. Perez-Bravo, S. E. Recabarren, and F. Cassorla Increased Anti-Mullerian Hormone Serum Concentrations in Prepubertal Daughters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 3105 - 3109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, C. Valls, K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Metformin Therapy during Puberty Delays Menarche, Prolongs Pubertal Growth, and Augments Adult Height: A Randomized Study in Low-Birth-Weight Girls with Early-Normal Onset of Puberty J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2068 - 2073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Early Development of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance after Catch-Up Weight Gain in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2153 - 2158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Xita and A. Tsatsoulis Fetal Programming of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Androgen Excess: Evidence from Experimental, Clinical, and Genetic Association Studies J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1660 - 1666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez and F. de Zegher Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in non-obese adolescents and women Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2006; 12(3): 243 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, R. Jimenez, and F. de Zegher Early Puberty-Menarche After Precocious Pubarche: Relation to Prenatal Growth Pediatrics, January 1, 2006; 117(1): 117 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, A. M. Jaramillo, A. Ferrer, and F. de Zegher High neutrophil count in girls and women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalization with metformin and flutamide overcomes the aggravation by oral contraception Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2005; 20(9): 2457 - 2462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sir-Petermann, C. Hitchsfeld, M. Maliqueo, E. Codner, B. Echiburu, R. Gazitua, S. Recabarren, and F. Cassorla Birth weight in offspring of mothers with polycystic ovarian syndrome Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2005; 20(8): 2122 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Petry, K. K. Ong, K. F. Michelmore, S. Artigas, D. L. Wingate, A. H. Balen, F. de Zegher, L. Ibanez, and D. B. Dunger Association of aromatase (CYP 19) gene variation with features of hyperandrogenism in two populations of young women Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2005; 20(7): 1837 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, A. Fucci, C. Valls, K. Ong, D. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Neutrophil Count in Small-for-Gestational Age Children: Contrasting Effects of Metformin and Growth Hormone Therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3435 - 3439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. F. Escobar-Morreale, M. Luque-Ramirez, and J. L. San Millan The Molecular-Genetic Basis of Functional Hyperandrogenism and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 251 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K A Neville and J L Walker Precocious pubarche is associated with SGA, prematurity, weight gain, and obesity Arch. Dis. Child., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 258 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Radetti, L. Renzullo, E. Gottardi, G. D'Addato, and H. Messner Altered Thyroid and Adrenal Function in Children Born at Term and Preterm, Small for Gestational Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2004; 89(12): 6320 - 6324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Nikolaou and C. Gilling-Smith Early ovarian ageing: are women with polycystic ovaries protected? Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2004; 19(10): 2175 - 2179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, C. Valls, M. V. Marcos, K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Insulin Sensitization for Girls with Precocious Pubarche and with Risk for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Effects of Prepubertal Initiation and Postpubertal Discontinuation of Metformin Treatment J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4331 - 4337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Gambineri, C. Pelusi, E. Manicardi, V. Vicennati, M. Cacciari, A. M. Morselli-Labate, U. Pagotto, and R. Pasquali Glucose Intolerance in a Large Cohort of Mediterranean Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Phenotype and Associated Factors Diabetes, September 1, 2004; 53(9): 2353 - 2358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. K. Ong, N. Potau, C. J. Petry, R. Jones, A. R. Ness, J. W. Honour, F. de Zegher, L. Ibanez, and D. B. Dunger Opposing Influences of Prenatal and Postnatal Weight Gain on Adrenarche in Normal Boys and Girls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2647 - 2651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Norman, M. Noakes, R. Wu, M. J. Davies, L. Moran, and J. X. Wang Improving reproductive performance in overweight/obese women with effective weight management Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2004; 10(3): 267 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P Korhonen, E Hyodynmaa, H-L Lenko, and O Tammela Growth and adrenal androgen status at 7 years in very low birth weight survivors with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia Arch. Dis. Child., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 320 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. H. Boonstra, P. G. H. Mulder, F. H. de Jong, and A. C. S. Hokken-Koelega Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels and Pubarche in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age before and during Growth Hormone Treatment J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 712 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Manikkam, E. J. Crespi, D. D. Doop, C. Herkimer, J. S. Lee, S. Yu, M. B. Brown, D. L. Foster, and V. Padmanabhan Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Excess Leads to Fetal Growth Retardation and Postnatal Catch-Up Growth in Sheep Endocrinology, February 1, 2004; 145(2): 790 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.-S. Parent, G. Teilmann, A. Juul, N. E. Skakkebaek, J. Toppari, and J.-P. Bourguignon The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 668 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Soto, R. A. Bazaes, V. Pena, T. Salazar, A. Avila, G. Iniguez, K. K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and M. V. Mericq Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion Are Related to Catch-Up Growth in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants at Age 1 Year: Results from a Prospective Cohort J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3645 - 3650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, N. Potau, G. Enriquez, M. V. Marcos, and F. d. Zegher Hypergonadotrophinaemia with reduced uterine and ovarian size in women born small-for-gestational-age Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2003; 18(8): 1565 - 1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, K. K. Ong, N. Mongan, J. Jaaskelainen, M. V. Marcos, I. A. Hughes, F. de Zegher, and D. B. Dunger Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Polymorphism in the Development of Ovarian Hyperandrogenism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 3333 - 3338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Bazaes, T. E. Salazar, E. Pittaluga, V. Pena, A. Alegria, G. Iniguez, K. K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and M. V. Mericq Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Small For Gestational Age Infants at 48 Hours of Age Pediatrics, April 1, 2003; 111(4): 804 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Guercio, M. A. Rivarola, E. Chaler, M. Maceiras, and A. Belgorosky Relationship between the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adrenal Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Girls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 1389 - 1393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Denburg, M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, D. Chin, L. S. Levine, M. Ferin, D. J. McMahon, C. Go, and S. E. Oberfield Insulin Sensitivity and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Prepubertal Boys with Premature Adrenarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5604 - 5609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, N. Potau, A. Ferrer, F. Rodriguez-Hierro, M. V. Marcos, and F. de Zegher Anovulation in Eumenorrheic, Nonobese Adolescent Girls Born Small for Gestational Age: Insulin Sensitization Induces Ovulation, Increases Lean Body Mass, and Reduces Abdominal Fat Excess, Dyslipidemia, and Subclinical Hyperandrogenism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5702 - 5705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Silfen, C. H. L. Shackleton, A. M. Manibo, L. S. Levine, D. Sekhar, D. J. McMahon, and S. E. Oberfield 5{alpha}-Reductase and 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4647 - 4651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, N. Potau, A. Ferrer, F. Rodriguez-Hierro, M. V. Marcos, and F. de Zegher Reduced Ovulation Rate in Adolescent Girls Born Small for Gestational Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3391 - 3393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, C. Valls, M. Cols, A. Ferrer, M. V. Marcos, and F. de Zegher Hypersecretion of FSH in Infant Boys and Girls Born Small for Gestational Age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 1986 - 1988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Guercio, M. A. Rivarola, E. Chaler, M. Maceiras, and A. Belgorosky Relationship between the GH/IGF-I Axis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adrenal Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Boys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1162 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, M. Ferin, D. J. McMahon, L. S. Levine, and S. E. Oberfield Elevated Free IGF-I Levels in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche: Relationship with Hyperandrogenism and Insulin Sensitivity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 398 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, K. Ong, N. Potau, M. V. Marcos, F. de Zegher, and D. Dunger Insulin Gene Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Genotype and the Low Birth Weight, Precocious Pubarche, and Hyperinsulinism Sequence J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2001; 86(12): 5788 - 5793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Li, M. S. Johnson, and M. I. Goran Effects of Low Birth Weight on Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Caucasian and African-American Children Diabetes Care, December 1, 2001; 24(12): 2035 - 2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. B. Sopher, J. C. Thornton, M. E. Silfen, A. Manibo, S. E. Oberfield, J. Wang, R. N. Pierson Jr., L. S. Levine, and M. Horlick Prepubertal Girls with Premature Adrenarche Have Greater Bone Mineral Content and Density Than Controls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5269 - 5272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, C. Valls, A. Ferrer, M. V. Marcos, F. Rodriguez-Hierro, and F. de Zegher Sensitization to Insulin Induces Ovulation in Nonobese Adolescents with Anovulatory Hyperandrogenism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3595 - 3598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sir-Petermann, L. Devoto, M. Maliqueo, P. Peirano, S.E. Recabarren, and L. Wildt Resumption of ovarian function during lactational amenorrhoea in breastfeeding women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: endocrine aspects Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2001; 16(8): 1603 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, D. J. McMahon, L. S. Levine, A. R. Murphy, and S. E. Oberfield Comparison of Simple Measures of Insulin Sensitivity in Young Girls with Premature Adrenarche: The Fasting Glucose to Insulin Ratio May Be a Simple and Useful Measure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2863 - 2868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. S. Adair Size at Birth Predicts Age at Menarche Pediatrics, April 1, 2001; 107(4): e59 - e59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibáñez, J. DiMartino-Nardi, N. Potau, and P. Saenger Premature Adrenarche--Normal Variant or Forerunner of Adult Disease? Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2000; 21(6): 671 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Ibáñez, A. Ferrer, M. V. Marcos, F. R. Hierro, and F. de Zegher Early Puberty: Rapid Progression and Reduced Final Height in Girls With Low Birth Weight Pediatrics, November 1, 2000; 106(5): 72e - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. E. Oberfield Metabolic Lessons from the Study of Young Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome--Is Insulin, Indeed, the Culprit? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2000; 85(10): 3520 - 3525. [Full Text]

				L. Ibáñez, C. Valls, N. Potau, M. V. Marcos, and F. de Zegher Sensitization to Insulin in Adolescent Girls to Normalize Hirsutism, Hyperandrogenism, Oligomenorrhea, Dyslipidemia, and Hyperinsulinism after Precocious Pubarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2000; 85(10): 3526 - 3530. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Ibáñez, N. Potau, M. V. Marcos, and F. de Zegher Treatment of Hirsutism, Hyperandrogenism, Oligomenorrhea, Dyslipidemia, and Hyperinsulinism in Nonobese, Adolescent Girls: Effect of Flutamide J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3251 - 3255. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Adrenal Hyperandrogenism in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1999; 84(12): 4431 - 4435. [Full Text]

				Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A Potent Androgen Secretagogue in Girls with Hyperandrogenism after Precocious Pubarche J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1999; 84(12): 4602 - 4606. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. Jaquet, J. Leger, D. Chevenne, P. Czernichow, and C. Levy-Marchal Intrauterine Growth Retardation Predisposes to Insulin Resistance But Not to Hyperandrogenism in Young Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1999; 84(11): 3945 - 3949. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Ibáñez, F. de Zegher, and N. Potau Anovulation after Precocious Pubarche: Early Markers and Time Course in Adolescence J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2691 - 2695. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. de Zegher, M. V. L. Du Caju, C. Heinrichs, M. Maes, J. De Schepper, M. Craen, K. Vanweser, P. Malvaux, and R. G. Rosenfeld Early, Discontinuous, High Dose Growth Hormone Treatment to Normalize Height and Weight of Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Results Over 6 Years J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1999; 84(5): 1558 - 1561. [Abstract] [Full Text]