This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kirschbaum, C. Articles by Hellhammer, D. H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kirschbaum, C. Articles by Hellhammer, D. H.

Effects of Fasting and Glucose Load on Free Cortisol Responses to Stress and Nicotine¹

Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research University of Trier (C.K., N.R., C.G., K.M.P., D.H.H.), Trier, Germany; and Area of Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, University of Valencia (E.G.B., A.S.), Valencia, Spain

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Clemens Kirschbaum, Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Universitaetsring 15, D-54286 Trier, Germany. E-mail: kirschba{at}uni-trier.de

The availability of energy appears to exert important regulatory functions in pituitary-adrenal stress responses. In two studies, the effects of short-term fasting and subsequent glucose administration on the free cortisol response to psychological stress and nicotine consumption were investigated. Study 1: After fasting for 8–11 h, healthy young men ingested either 100 g glucose (n = 13) or water (n = 12). One hour later they were exposed to a psychosocial stress task (Trier Social Stress Test). A third group also ingested 100 g glucose, but they were not exposed to any additional treatment (n = 10). Capillary blood glucose levels were in the lower euglycemic range before and significantly elevated after the glucose load (64.9 ± 9.8 vs. 162.5 ± 43.5 mg/dL; F = 149.04, P < 0.001). Although glucose load per se did not affect free cortisol levels, psychosocial stress induced a large cortisol response in glucose-treated subjects. In contrast, fasted subjects who received tap water did not respond to the Trier Social Stress Test with significant changes in cortisol levels (F = 6.27, P < 0.001). Both groups responded with a similar increase in heart rates (F = 33.53, P < 0.001) with no statistically significant difference between glucose and water-treated subjects. Study 2: Twelve habitual smokers received 100 g glucose or tap water after fasting for at least 8 h on two separate sessions (cross-over, random sequence). Forty-five min after glucose/water ingestion, they smoked two cigarettes with a nicotine content of 1.0 mg/cigarette. Subjects were euglycemic before smoking, with a significant rise of glucose levels after consumption of 100 g glucose (64.4 ± 8.3 vs. 143.5 ± 40.0 mg/dL; F = 40.25, P < 0.001). As in Exp 1, subjects showed a substantially larger free cortisol response to nicotine under glucose load compared with water load (F = 4.91, P < 0.001).

From these data we conclude that the free cortisol response to stimulation is under significant control of centers responsible for monitoring energy availability. Low glucose levels appear to inhibit adrenocortical responsiveness in healthy subjects. In agreement with results from animal studies, the present results suggest that ready access to energy is a prerequisite for hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stress responses.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				P. Wiesli, C. Schmid, O. Kerwer, C. Nigg-Koch, R. Klaghofer, B. Seifert, G. A. Spinas, and K. Schwegler Acute Psychological Stress Affects Glucose Concentrations in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Following Food Intake but not in the Fasting State Diabetes Care, August 1, 2005; 28(8): 1910 - 1915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Vicennati, L. Ceroni, L. Gagliardi, A. Gambineri, and R. Pasquali Response of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis to High-Protein/Fat and High-Carbohydrate Meals in Women with Different Obesity Phenotypes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2002; 87(8): 3984 - 3988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Heinrichs, G. Meinlschmidt, I. Neumann, S. Wagner, C. Kirschbaum, U. Ehlert, and D. H. Hellhammer Effects of Suckling on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responses to Psychosocial Stress in Postpartum Lactating Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4798 - 4804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Reynolds, B. R. Walker, H. E. Syddall, C. B. Whorwood, P. J. Wood, and D. I. W. Phillips Elevated Plasma Cortisol in Glucose-Intolerant Men: Differences in Responses to Glucose and Habituation to Venepuncture J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1149 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. D. CLARK, N. WARDROBE-WONG, and P. D. SNASHALL Endogenous Cortisol and Lung Damage in a Predominantly Smoking Population Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 1999; 159(3): 755 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. L. Gibson, S. Checkley, A. Papadopoulos, L. Poon, S. Daley, and J. Wardle Increased Salivary Cortisol Reliably Induced by a Protein-Rich Midday Meal Psychosom Med, March 1, 1999; 61(2): 214 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]