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Clinical Studies |
Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Medical School, Los Angeles, California 90033; and Linco Research, Inc. (R.L.G.), St. Louis, Missouri 63304
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Mohammed F. Saad, M.D., MRCP, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Southern California Medical School, 1200 North State Street, Unit I, P.O. Box 710, Los Angeles, California 90033.
Leptin, the obese (ob) gene product, is thought to be a lipostatic hormone that contributes to body weight regulation through modulating feeding behavior and/or energy expenditure. The determinants of plasma leptin concentration were evaluated in 267 subjects (106 with normal glucose tolerance, 102 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 59 with noninsulin-dependent diabetes). Fasting plasma leptin levels ranged from 1.8–79.6 ng/mL (geometric mean, 12.4), were higher in the obese subjects, and were not related to glucose tolerance. Women had approximately 40% higher leptin levels than men at any level of adiposity. After controlling for body fat, postmenopausal women had still higher leptin levels than men of similar age, and their levels were not different from those in younger women. Multiple regression analysis showed that adiposity, gender, and insulinemia were significant determinants of leptin concentration, explaining 42%, 28%, and 2% of its variance, respectively. Neither age nor the waist/hip ratio was significantly related to leptin concentration. Thus, our data indicate that gender is a major determinant of the plasma leptin concentration. This sex difference is not apparently explained by sex hormones or body fat distribution. Leptin’s sexual dimorphism suggests that women may be resistant to its putative lipostatic actions and that it may have a reproductive function.
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V. Luukkaa, U. Pesonen, I. Huhtaniemi, A. Lehtonen, R. Tilvis, J. Tuomilehto, M. Koulu, and R. Huupponen Inverse Correlation between Serum Testosterone and Leptin in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3243 - 3246. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Leal-Cerro, P. P. Garcia-Luna, R. Astorga, J. Parejo, R. Peino, C. Dieguez, and F. F. Casanueva Serum Leptin Levels in Male Marathon Athletes before and after the Marathon Run J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1998; 83(7): 2376 - 2379. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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X. Casabiell, V. Piñeiro, R. Peino, M. Lage, J. Camiña, R. Gallego, L. G. Vallejo, C. Dieguez, and F. F. Casanueva Gender Differences in Both Spontaneous and Stimulated Leptin Secretion by Human Omental Adipose Tissue in Vitro: Dexamethasone and Estradiol Stimulate Leptin Release in Women, But Not in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1998; 83(6): 2149 - 2155. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 F. Leyva, I. F. Godsland, M. Ghatei, A. J. Proudler, S. Aldis, C. Walton, S. Bloom, and J. C. Stevenson Hyperleptinemia as a Component of a Metabolic Syndrome of Cardiovascular Risk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 1998; 18(6): 928 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Landt, R. L. Gingerich, P. J. Havel, W. M. Mueller, B. Schoner, J. E. Hale, and M. L. Heiman Radioimmunoassay of rat leptin: sexual dimorphism reversed from humans Clin. Chem., March 1, 1998; 44(3): 565 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Saad, M. G. Riad-Gabriel, A. Khan, A. Sharma, R. Michael, S. D. Jinagouda, R. Boyadjian, and G. M. Steil Diurnal and Ultradian Rhythmicity of Plasma Leptin: Effects of Gender and Adiposity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1998; 83(2): 453 - 459. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. M. H. Elbers, H. Asscheman, J. C. Seidell, M. Frolich, A. E. Meinders, and L. J. G. Gooren Reversal of the Sex Difference in Serum Leptin Levels upon Cross-Sex Hormone Administration in Transsexuals J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3267 - 3270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. A. Koistinen, V. A. Koivisto, S. Andersson, S.-L. Karonen, K. Kontula, L. Oksanen, and K. A. Teramo Leptin Concentration in Cord Blood Correlates with Intrauterine Growth J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3328 - 3330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A. Bray and D. A. York Leptin and Clinical Medicine: A New Piece in the Puzzle of Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 2771 - 2776. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Nader, M. G. Riad-Gabriel, and M. F. Saad The Effect of a Desogestrel-Containing Oral Contraceptive on Glucose Tolerance and Leptin Concentrations in Hyperandrogenic Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 3074 - 3077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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